Unit 4

• Group:

  1. More than two people.
  2. They must interact over a period of time.
  3. Individuals must influence each other.
  4. Must have a common purpose.
• Types of Power: Legitimate Power, Informational Power, Coercive Power, Reward Power, Expert Power, and Referential Power.
• Legitimate Power: Authority given by law or rules (Police)
• Coercive Power: Ability to punish someone if they do something wrong.
• Reward Power: Giving rewards to those who follow your instructions.
• Expert Power: Having specific knowledge that others don't have (Doctors/ Mechanics)
• Referent Power: Being liked/admired by others.
• Informational Power: Knowing more about an issue than anyone else does (Librarian)
• Styles of Leadership: Democratic, Laissez-faire, Authoritarian.
• Democratic Style: Allowing group members to make decisions together
• Laissez-Faire Style: Not giving any direction or guidance at all
• Authoritarian Style: Making all the decisions without consulting with other people
• What are the two key forms of socialisation?

  Primary and secondary.
• What is the role of agents in socialisation?

  To facilitate the learning of values and behaviours. e.g; Family, friends, school, and the media.
• What is primary socialisation?

  The process of learning societal norms and values from family and close relationships during early childhood.
• What is secondary socialisation?

  The continuation of socialisation into adulthood. The process of learning how an individual fits into larger society when they are free from the confines of their parents. Does not require direct interaction with the agent.
• What is the difference between sex and gender?

  Sex refers to the biological and physical characteristics that categorize individuals as male or female, while gender refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female.
• What is the group social influence theory, and what are the three processes?

  Group conformity.

  The three processes are

  1. compliance
  2. identification
  3. internalisation
• What are the three processes of conformity and what are their definitions?

  Compliance: Publicly acting in accordance with social pressure while privately disagreeing, in order to be liked. Identification: A change in attitudes and behaviour due to the influences and relatability to the content of the attitude. Internalisation: Accepting beliefs and behaviours of a group as one's own.
• What is the definition of prosocial behaviour?

  Behaviour that benefits others and society in general.
• What is the bystander intervention affect?

  Diffusion of responsibility.
• What is the Reciprocity Principle?

  "Do unto others as they do unto you".

  Describes the social expectation of reciprocity between people.
• What is social responsibility?

  The obligation of individuals and organizations to act in ways that benefit society as a whole.
• What is antisocial behaviour?

  Behaviour that is harmful to others and the community. Hostile (emotions, impulsive, driven by pain or distress) or Instrumental (deliberate).
• What is aggression and what are the two types?

  Aggression is behaviour that is intended to cause harm or injury to another individual.

  1. Hostile
  2. Instrumental
• What is attraction?

  Interpersonal magnetism.
• What are the social theories of attraction and what do they mean?

  1. Similarity: People are attracted to others who are similar to them in attitudes, values, and interests. 2. Proximity: People are more likely to form relationships with those who are physically close to them. 3. Reciprocity: People tend to like others who like them back.
• Duck's model of relationship dissolution stages?

  Duck's model includes intrapsychic, dyadic, social, grave-dressing, and resurrection phases.
• What is an attitude and the two categories?

  An attitude is a psychological tendency to evaluate people, objects, or situations in a positive or negative way.

  1. Explicit- Behaviours reflect the attitude.
  2. Implicit- Involuntary
• What is cognitive dissonance?

  Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort that arises when a person holds conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or values.
• What is the social identity theory and what are the stages?

  Social Identity Theory - Theory explaining how individuals define themselves based on group membership. Stages: 1. Social categorisation 2. Social identification 3. Social comparison
• The two categories of attributing traits to groups of people?

  Dispositional (Internal)

  • Traits
  • Ability
  • Motivation
  • Attitude

  Situational (External)

  • Environmental
  • Situation
  • Luck
• What is the difference between implicit and explicit attitudes?


  Implicit attitudes are unconscious and automatic that we may not be aware of, while explicit attitudes are conscious and deliberate that we are aware of.
• What is the tricomponent model of attitudes?


  Affective (feel), behavioral (action), cognitive (think).
• What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? 


  Prejudice is the thought process. Discrimination is the act based on the thought process.
• What is the difference between self-serving bias and confirmation bias?


  Self-serving bias: tendency to attribute positive events to internal factors and negative events to external factors. Confirmation bias: tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs.
• What is the General Aggression Model (GAM) 


  If exposure to violence makes an individual violent.
• (GAM) What is the hostile attribution bias?


  Tendency to interpret harmful physical interactions as hostile, instead of them being an accident
• (GAM) What is the hostile perception bias?


  Is a tendency to see social interactions as aggressive instead of happy or peaceful.
• What does Culture mean, and how does different cultures influence scientific results?


  Culture is the ethnical, religious, or spiritual background that is the foundation of an individual's perspective or opinion.

  It can influence scientific results as examinations designed for a specific culture may not be applicable to other cultures.