PSYC201

• Who is considered the Father of Voluntarism, Structuralism, and Psychology?


  Wilhelm Wundt
• When did Wilhelm Wundt establish the first experimental laboratory?


  In 1879
• What does voluntarism propose to study?


  It studies the function of environmental stimulation
• What was Wundt's aim in studying voluntarism?


  To discover the elements of thought of an "active mind"
• What was Wundt's goal in cataloging experiences?


  To form a "periodic table of elements" as chemistry did
• What is the concept of "Apperception" in voluntarism?


  It is the process by which humans selectively attend to elements of thought
• What are the two main goals of voluntarism?


  1. Understand Basic Processes of the Mind

  • Discover Basic Elements of Thought

  1. Understand Complex Conscious Phenomena

  • Discover laws of mental element combinations
• What types of experiences does voluntarism observe?


  1. Mediate Experiences

  • Data obtained via measuring devices

  1. Immediate Experiences

  • Data from events in human consciousness as they occur
• What are the two main methods used in voluntarism?


  1. Introspection of the Subjects

  • Simple: Observed via Experiments
  • Complex: Observed via Natural Observation

  1. Mental Chronometry

  • Using reaction time to measure complexity of operations
• How does mental chronometry differentiate between simple and complex operations?

  Simple operations have short reaction times, while complex operations have longer reaction times
• What are the levels of consciousness experience according to voluntarism?

  1. Basic Level of Consciousness

  • Sensation: Results from stimulation of a sense organ
  • Feelings: Affective tone of a sensation
• How are sensations classified in the basic level of consciousness?


  By intensity, duration, and some mobility
• How are feelings classified in the basic level of consciousness?


  By pleasant/unpleasant and depression/tension/relaxation
• What does Structuralism analyze in psychology?


  It breaks down mental processes into their smallest possible components.
• How does Structuralism aim to understand psychological phenomena?


  By analyzing how the smallest components combine to form complex phenomena.
• What is the key to understanding psychological processes according to Structuralism?


  The relationships between the components of mental processes.
• What approach later replaced Structuralism?


  Psychoanalytic Approach.
• How is Structuralism defined in terms of cognitive processes?


  It is the study of how our minds make meaning through small step-by-step cognitive processes.
• What are some examples of Structuralism in practice?


  • Describing oneself by breaking down qualities and traits.
  • Understanding a tree by its components: stem, leaves, branches, roots.
  • Differentiating music by analyzing tones, lyrics, melodies, and rhythms.
• Who is William James?


  He is an American Psychologist who opposed Structuralism.
• What concept did William James propose regarding consciousness?


  That consciousness functions as a unity to help organisms adapt to their environment.
• What is William James known as in psychology?


  The Father of American Psychology.
• How did William James emphasize the role of evolution in psychology?


  By highlighting its role in the development of human behavior.
• What is an example of Functionalism in practice?


  Asking about the purpose of rooms in a house and how they serve people.
• What is Functionalism in psychology?


  • Study of how minds adapt to external stimuli.
  • Focuses on behaviors rather than thoughts.
  • Emphasizes evolutionary benefits of behaviors.
• What approach later replaced Functionalism?

  Behaviorism.
• What did John B. Watson emphasize in his approach to psychology?


  The study of observable behaviors instead of consciousness.
• What is John B. Watson known as in psychology?


  The Father of Behaviorism.
• According to Watson, what determines intelligence, temperament, and personality?


  The environment in which the child is raised.
• What are the key principles of Behaviorism?


  1. Behavior is observable & measurable.
  2. Environment shapes behavior.
  3. Learning is a process of conditioning.
  4. Behaviors can be predicted & controlled.
• What are the key contributions of Behaviorism?


  1. Emphasis on empirical methods.
  2. Development of behavior therapy.
  3. Understanding of learning & conditioning.
  4. Influence on other schools of psychology.
• What is the focus of Behaviorism?


  Observable behavior over unobservable mental processes.
• What was the Little Albert Experiment?


  • Conducted by John B. Watson.
  • Demonstrated classical conditioning.
  • Showed how fear can be conditioned in a child.