memory

• Who developed the Multi-Store Model of memory?

  Atkinson & Shiffrin
• What does the Multi-Store Model illustrate?

  It illustrates the process of memory storage and retrieval.
• What is the first component of the Multi-Store Model?

  Sensory Register
• How does information enter the sensory register?

  A stimulus from the environment passes into the sensory register.
• What is the nature of coding in the sensory register?

  Coding in the sensory register is modality-specific.
• What are the two main stores in the sensory register?

  Iconic memory and echoic memory
• What type of information does iconic memory store?

  Visually coded information
• What type of information does echoic memory store?

  Acoustically coded information
• What are the characteristics of the sensory register in terms of capacity and duration?

  It has a very high capacity and a very short duration.
• How is information passed from the sensory register to the next memory store?

  Through the process of attention.
• What is the average capacity of Short Term Memory (STM)?

  7±2 items
• What is the duration of Short Term Memory (STM)?

  Around 18-30 seconds
• What is maintenance rehearsal in the context of STM?

  It is the process of repeating information to ourselves to keep it in STM.
• What happens to information in STM if it is rehearsed long enough?


  It will pass on to Long Term Memory (LTM).
• What is the nature of Long Term Memory (LTM)?

  It is a potentially permanent memory store with an unlimited capacity.
• How is information coded in Long Term Memory (LTM)?

  Information in LTM is coded semantically.
• What must happen for information in LTM to be recalled?


  It must be transferred into Short Term Memory (STM) through retrieval.
• What are the two main ways information is lost from Long Term Memory (LTM)?

  Through decay and interference.
• What are the key evaluation points of the Multi-Store Model?

  • People mix up similar sounding words when recalling immediately.
  • People mix up words with similar meanings after 20 minutes.
  • Most supporting research uses artificial stimulus materials and laboratory studies.
  • KF's case shows he could recall digits he read but not those read to him.
  • The model only considers maintenance rehearsal, ignoring elaborative rehearsal.
  • STM and LTM are suggested to not be unitary stores.
• What does the case of KF suggest about Short Term Memory (STM)?

  It suggests that STM may not be a unitary store since he could recall digits he read but not those read to him.
• What did Shalice Warrington's research in 1970 contribute to the understanding of memory?


  It highlighted that people mix up similar sounding words when recalling them immediately.
• What did Craik and Watkins (1973) suggest about the Multi-Store Model?


  They suggested that the model ignores the importance of elaborative rehearsal.
• What is the maximum amount of information that memory can hold called?

  Capacity
• What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model?


  It directs information to the appropriate slave systems in the model.
• How is coding defined in the context of memory?

  Coding is the way different memory systems store information.
• What does duration refer to in memory?

  Duration refers to the length of time a memory stays stored.
• What is the function of the episodic buffer in the working memory model?

  The episodic buffer combines information from all other components to create a sensible memory.
• What type of memory is episodic memory?

  Episodic memory is a type of conscious long-term memory.
• What are leading questions?

  Leading questions encourage a certain answer when asked.
• What is long-term memory characterized by?

  Long-term memory has potentially unlimited storage.
• What does the phonological loop do in the working memory model?

  The phonological loop holds information regarding words and allows for maintenance rehearsal.
• What is proactive interference?

  Proactive interference suggests that previously learned information interferes with new information.
• What is retroactive interference?

  Retroactive interference suggests that new information interferes with previously learned information.
• What type of memory is procedural memory?

  Procedural memory is a type of unconscious long-term memory.
• What is semantic memory?

  Semantic memory is a type of conscious long-term memory that contains factual information.
• What is the sensory register?

  The sensory register holds information gathered through senses for a very short time.
• How long does short-term memory last?

  Short-term memory lasts about 30 seconds.
• What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?

  The capacity of short-term memory is thought to be 7 +/- 2 items.
• What is maintenance rehearsal?

  Maintenance rehearsal is the repetition of new information to keep it in short-term memory.
• What is the duration of long-term memory?

  The duration of long-term memory is unlimited.