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EL101
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Thea Enriquez
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Cards (38)
What is the main objective of Chapter 1 in the study material?
To introduce language and the English language, focusing on features and definitions.
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What should you be able to do by the end of Chapter 1?
Identify features of
language
, recognize
English
words and phrases, and compile examples.
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What are the tasks outlined in Task 1 of the study material?
Research definitions of
language
and
dialect.
Compare definitions for
similarities
and
differences.
Create your own definition of
language.
Identify
languages
and
dialects
you speak.
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How is language defined in the study material?
Language
is a system of interrelated systems governed by rules.
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What is a dialect according to the study material?
A
dialect
is a specific form of a language that is particular to a region or social group.
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What are the interrelated systems of a language mentioned in the study material?
Phonology
,
morphology
,
syntax
,
lexicon
, and
semantics.
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What does phonology study?
Phonology
studies the
sounds
of a
language
and their systematic organization.
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What is the difference between phonetics and phonemics?
Phonetics
studies sounds as physical phenomena, while phonemics studies sounds as contrastive members of a system.
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What are the features of language as outlined in the study material?
All languages are
systematic.
All natural languages are
conventional
and
arbitrary.
All natural languages are
redundant.
All natural languages
change.
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What does syntax refer to in language?
Syntax
refers to the
arrangement
of
words
into
phrases
,
clauses
, and
sentences.
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What is the lexicon of a language?
The
lexicon
is the list of all morphemes in the language, including independent words and bound morphemes.
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What are morphemes?
Morphemes
are the
smallest meaningful units
in a language.
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What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes?
Free morphemes can stand
alone
as
independent
words, while bound morphemes must attach to other morphemes.
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What is the role of function words in a language?
Function
words signal relationships within the language itself.
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What is semantics in the context of language?
Semantics
is the study of
meanings
expressed by a
language
and its relationship to the
real world.
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What is the process of abstraction in language?
Abstraction
occurs when a specific, concrete meaning changes to a more abstract meaning.
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What is semantic change?
Semantic change
refers to the evolution of
word meanings
over time.
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What is amelioration in terms of semantic change?
Amelioration
is a change to a more
favorable
meaning of a word.
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What is pejoration in terms of semantic change?
Pejoration is a change to a more
negative
meaning of a word.
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What is generalization in semantic change?
Generalization
is the extension of meaning to cover
wider
semantic areas.
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What is narrowing in semantic change?
Narrowing is a
restriction
in the range of
meanings
of a word.
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What is the difference between strengthening and weakening in semantic change?
Strengthening is the intensification of meaning, while weakening is the
reduction
of meaning.
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What does the term graphics refer to in linguistics?
Graphics
refers to the systematic representation of language in writing.
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What is a
grapheme
?
A
grapheme
is a single unit in the system of
writing
that may represent a sound, syllable, or meaning.
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What is a shift in connotation?
A shift in connotation refers to the entire set of associations that one makes to a word beyond its literal sense.
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What is a shift in denotation?
A shift in denotation occurs when the
real-world
reference of a word changes.
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What are the historical periods of the English language?
Old English
(OE) - A.D. 450 to A.D. 1100.
Middle English
(ME) - 1100 to 1500 A.D.
Early Modern English
(EMnE) - 1500 to 1800 A.D.
Present-Day English
(PDE) - 1800 to today.
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What is the difference between outer history and inner history of a language?
Outer history
refers to external events affecting speakers, while
inner
history refers to changes within the
language
itself.
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What is a conditioned systematic change in language?
A
conditioned systematic
change is a change brought about by context or environment affecting pronunciation or usage.
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What is fusion in the context of language change?
Fusion
is a sound change where two or more segments with distinctive features merge into a single segment.
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What is the significance of the Norman invasion on the English language?
The Norman invasion brought
French-speaking
conquerors to England, profoundly affecting the
English
language.
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What is the time frame for Present-Day English (PDE)?
Present-Day English is from
1800
to
today.
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What is the time frame for Early Modern English (EMnE)?
Early Modern English is from
1500
to
1800
A.D.
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What is the time frame for Middle English (ME)?
Middle English
is from
1100
to
1500
A.D.
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What is the time frame for Old English (OE)?
Old English is from A.D.
450
to A.D.
1100.
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What is the relationship between the English Renaissance and Early Modern English?
The
beginning
of Early Modern English parallels the English Renaissance and the introduction of
printing
into England.
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What event marks the beginning of Middle English?
The beginning of Middle English is marked by the
Norman conquest.
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What is the significance of the American Revolution in the context of Present-Day English?
The starting date for Present-Day English is on the
heels
of the American Revolution.
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