EL101

    Cards (38)

    • What is the main objective of Chapter 1 in the study material?
      To introduce language and the English language, focusing on features and definitions.
    • What should you be able to do by the end of Chapter 1?
      Identify features of language, recognize English words and phrases, and compile examples.
    • What are the tasks outlined in Task 1 of the study material?
      • Research definitions of language and dialect.
      • Compare definitions for similarities and differences.
      • Create your own definition of language.
      • Identify languages and dialects you speak.
    • How is language defined in the study material?
      Language is a system of interrelated systems governed by rules.
    • What is a dialect according to the study material?
      A dialect is a specific form of a language that is particular to a region or social group.
    • What are the interrelated systems of a language mentioned in the study material?
      Phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, and semantics.
    • What does phonology study?
      Phonology studies the sounds of a language and their systematic organization.
    • What is the difference between phonetics and phonemics?
      Phonetics studies sounds as physical phenomena, while phonemics studies sounds as contrastive members of a system.
    • What are the features of language as outlined in the study material?
      1. All languages are systematic.
      2. All natural languages are conventional and arbitrary.
      3. All natural languages are redundant.
      4. All natural languages change.
    • What does syntax refer to in language?
      Syntax refers to the arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.
    • What is the lexicon of a language?
      The lexicon is the list of all morphemes in the language, including independent words and bound morphemes.
    • What are morphemes?
      Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in a language.
    • What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes?
      Free morphemes can stand alone as independent words, while bound morphemes must attach to other morphemes.
    • What is the role of function words in a language?
      Function words signal relationships within the language itself.
    • What is semantics in the context of language?
      Semantics is the study of meanings expressed by a language and its relationship to the real world.
    • What is the process of abstraction in language?
      Abstraction occurs when a specific, concrete meaning changes to a more abstract meaning.
    • What is semantic change?
      Semantic change refers to the evolution of word meanings over time.
    • What is amelioration in terms of semantic change?
      Amelioration is a change to a more favorable meaning of a word.
    • What is pejoration in terms of semantic change?
      Pejoration is a change to a more negative meaning of a word.
    • What is generalization in semantic change?
      Generalization is the extension of meaning to cover wider semantic areas.
    • What is narrowing in semantic change?
      Narrowing is a restriction in the range of meanings of a word.
    • What is the difference between strengthening and weakening in semantic change?
      Strengthening is the intensification of meaning, while weakening is the reduction of meaning.
    • What does the term graphics refer to in linguistics?
      Graphics refers to the systematic representation of language in writing.
    • What is a grapheme?

      A grapheme is a single unit in the system of writing that may represent a sound, syllable, or meaning.
    • What is a shift in connotation?
      A shift in connotation refers to the entire set of associations that one makes to a word beyond its literal sense.
    • What is a shift in denotation?
      A shift in denotation occurs when the real-world reference of a word changes.
    • What are the historical periods of the English language?
      1. Old English (OE) - A.D. 450 to A.D. 1100.
      2. Middle English (ME) - 1100 to 1500 A.D.
      3. Early Modern English (EMnE) - 1500 to 1800 A.D.
      4. Present-Day English (PDE) - 1800 to today.
    • What is the difference between outer history and inner history of a language?
      Outer history refers to external events affecting speakers, while inner history refers to changes within the language itself.
    • What is a conditioned systematic change in language?
      A conditioned systematic change is a change brought about by context or environment affecting pronunciation or usage.
    • What is fusion in the context of language change?
      Fusion is a sound change where two or more segments with distinctive features merge into a single segment.
    • What is the significance of the Norman invasion on the English language?
      The Norman invasion brought French-speaking conquerors to England, profoundly affecting the English language.
    • What is the time frame for Present-Day English (PDE)?
      Present-Day English is from 1800 to today.
    • What is the time frame for Early Modern English (EMnE)?
      Early Modern English is from 1500 to 1800 A.D.
    • What is the time frame for Middle English (ME)?
      Middle English is from 1100 to 1500 A.D.
    • What is the time frame for Old English (OE)?
      Old English is from A.D. 450 to A.D. 1100.
    • What is the relationship between the English Renaissance and Early Modern English?
      The beginning of Early Modern English parallels the English Renaissance and the introduction of printing into England.
    • What event marks the beginning of Middle English?
      The beginning of Middle English is marked by the Norman conquest.
    • What is the significance of the American Revolution in the context of Present-Day English?
      The starting date for Present-Day English is on the heels of the American Revolution.
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