Science term 1

• What are transition metals defined as?


  Elements in the d-block of the periodic table with partially filled d-orbitals.
• Why are transition metals referred to as "transition" metals?


  They form a bridge between the metals on the left and non-metals on the right of the periodic table.
• Where are transition metals located in the periodic table?


  In the middle, between groups 2 and 13.
• What is the significance of partially filled d-orbitals in transition metals?


  They give transition metals unique properties compared to other elements.
• Can you name three examples of transition metals?


  Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and gold (Au).
• What does electronic configuration refer to in transition metals?


  It describes how electrons are arranged in an atom, particularly in d-orbitals.
• What is the electronic configuration of iron (Fe)?


  [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s².
• What are the typical physical properties of transition metals?


  High melting and boiling points, high density, malleability, ductility, good conductivity, and lustrous appearance.
• What is a characteristic of the melting and boiling points of transition metals?


  They have high melting and boiling points due to strong metallic bonding.
• Why are transition metals good conductors of heat and electricity?


  Due to their unique electron arrangement and metallic bonding.
• What does it mean for transition metals to be malleable and ductile?


  They can be hammered into sheets or drawn into wires.
• What are the chemical properties of transition metals?


  Variable oxidation states, catalytic activity, complex ion formation, coloured compounds, and some magnetic properties.
• What is an example of a transition metal that can exist in multiple oxidation states?


  Iron (Fe), which can exist as Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺.
• What is the significance of catalytic activity in transition metals?


  Many transition metals can speed up chemical reactions.
• What is a characteristic of many transition metal compounds?


  They are often colourful.
• How does the electronic configuration of transition metals relate to their properties?


  The partially filled d-orbitals allow for variable oxidation states and the formation of coloured compounds.
• What are the key points about transition metal properties?


  1. Definition: Elements in the d-block with partially filled d-orbitals.
  2. Electronic configuration: Partially filled d-orbitals, 1-2 electrons in outer s-orbital.
  3. Physical properties:

  • High melting and boiling points
  • High density
  • Malleable and ductile
  • Good conductors of heat and electricity
  • Lustrous
  • Hard and strong

  1. Chemical properties:

  • Variable oxidation states
  • Catalytic activity
  • Form complex ions
  • Produce coloured compounds
  • Some have magnetic properties
• Why would a scientist choose a transition metal as a catalyst in a chemical reaction?


  Because of their variable oxidation states and ability to form complex ions.
• How do the properties of transition metals make them valuable in various applications?


  Their unique properties allow them to be used in construction materials, catalysts, and electronic devices.
• What is the relationship between the electronic configuration and the physical properties of transition metals?


  The electronic configuration leads to strong metallic bonding, resulting in high melting points and good conductivity.
• What is the periodic table?


  A systematic arrangement of chemical elements.
• How is the periodic table organized?


  Based on atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.
• How many groups are there in the modern periodic table?


  18 groups.
• Why do elements in the same group have similar properties?


  Due to their similar outer electron configuration.
• How many electrons are in the outer shell of elements in Group 1?


  1 electron.
• What are alkali metals?


  Elements in Group 1 of the periodic table.
• What is a key characteristic of alkali metals?


  They have one valence electron in their outer shell.
• How do alkali metals react with water?


  They are highly reactive with water.
• What is the physical state of alkali metals at room temperature?


  They are solid.
• What is the appearance of freshly cut alkali metals?


  They have a silvery-white appearance.
• Name an example of an alkali metal.


  Lithium (Li).
• What are halogens?


  Elements in Group 7 of the periodic table.
• How many valence electrons do halogens have?


  Seven valence electrons.
• What is a characteristic of halogens?


  They exist as diatomic molecules.
• What is a key property of halogens?


  They are strong oxidizing agents.
• What are the physical states of halogens at room temperature?


  They can be gases, liquids, or solids.
• Name an example of a halogen.


  Fluorine (F).
• What are noble gases?


  Elements in Group 8 of the periodic table.
• How many valence electrons do noble gases have?


  Eight valence electrons, except for helium which has two.
• Why are noble gases generally unreactive?


  They have a full outer electron shell.