demography

    Cards (93)

    • What are some characteristics studied in demography?
      Population size, age structure, births, deaths, immigration, and emigration
    • What has been the trend in the birth rate in the UK since 1900?
      There has been a long-term decline in the birth rate
    • What are the three baby booms in the UK history?
      1. After the First World War
      2. After the Second World War
      3. In the 1960s due to mass migration and cultural changes
    • Why did the birth rate increase after the World Wars?
      Men returned from war, leading to increased sexual activity and births
    • What caused the baby boom in the 1960s?
      Mass migration and cultural changes around attitudes towards sex
    • What percentage of births in 2011 were to mothers from outside the UK?
      25%
    • What is the total fertility rate?
      The average number of children a woman will have during her fertile years
    • Why are women postponing having children?
      They are prioritizing education and careers before starting families
    • What are the reasons for the decline in birth and fertility rates?
      • Changes in the position of women
      • Decline in infant mortality rate
      • Children as economic liabilities
      • Child-centeredness
    • How has the position of women changed in society?
      Women now seek education and careers rather than primarily homemaking
    • What is the infant mortality rate (IMR)?
      The number of deaths per thousand live births per year
    • What are some reasons for the decline in the death rate and increase in life expectancy?
      Health education, improved hygiene, sanitation, and medicine
    • How has improved hygiene and sanitation affected life expectancy?
      It has reduced the likelihood of disease and increased longevity
    • What role does public health and welfare play in life expectancy?
      Governments inform citizens about health practices, improving longevity
    • How have working conditions improved over the years?
      Most jobs are now safer and less hazardous than in the past
    • What implications do changes in birth and death rates have for society?
      They affect family structures, dependency ratios, and public services
    • What is the dependency ratio?
      The size of the working population compared to the non-working population
    • What has been the trend in average life expectancy since 1902?
      It has increased for both men and women
    • Why is the decline in birth rates significant for public services?
      Fewer children may lead to fewer schools and child services needed
    • How might Brexit affect future birth rates in the UK?
      It could lead to changes in immigration patterns and birth rates
    • What are the sociological implications of changes in fertility rates?
      • Smaller family sizes
      • More women in the workforce
      • Changes in dependency ratios
      • Adjustments in public services and infrastructure
    • What factors contribute to changes in death rates, infant mortality rates, and life expectancy?
      Improved working conditions and safer jobs are significant factors.
    • What was the life expectancy of males born in England in 1900?
      50 years.
    • What was the life expectancy of females born in England in 1900?
      57 years.
    • What is the current life expectancy of males born in England in 2013?
      90.7 years.
    • What is the current life expectancy of females born in England in 2013?
      94 years.
    • What are some factors that contribute to differences in life expectancy?
      Social class, gender, and regional differences.
    • How does social class affect life expectancy in England?
      Working-class men are nearly three times more likely to die before 65 compared to middle-class men.
    • Why do women generally live longer than men?
      There may be biological, cultural, and psychological reasons for this trend.
    • What regional differences exist in life expectancy in the UK?
      People in the north and Scotland have a lower life expectancy than those in the south.
    • What is meant by an aging population?
      An aging population refers to an increase in the average age of the population.
    • What are the implications of an aging population on public services?
      Older people consume a larger proportion of health and social care services.
    • What is the trend regarding pensioner households?
      There is a higher number of older people living alone, especially women.
    • What is ageism?
      Ageism is the negative perception of older people in society.
    • What is the dependency ratio?
      The dependency ratio refers to the number of older people dependent on the working population.
    • What are some policy implications of an aging population?
      Governments may need to change retirement age and housing policies.
    • What is one way to finance a longer period of old age?
      By changing the retirement age.
    • What is a potential cultural change regarding retirement?

      Encouraging people to stay in work longer instead of retiring early.
    • How can older individuals be supported in the workforce?
      By offering retraining opportunities for different careers.
    • What is a housing issue related to the aging population?
      Older individuals often occupy large houses alone, contributing to housing shortages.
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