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sociology - families and households
demography
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Libby Bales
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Cards (93)
What are some characteristics studied in demography?
Population size
,
age structure
, births, deaths,
immigration
, and
emigration
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What has been the trend in the birth rate in the UK since 1900?
There has been a long-term
decline
in the birth rate
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What are the three baby booms in the UK history?
After the
First World War
After the
Second World War
In the
1960s
due to mass migration and cultural changes
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Why did the birth rate increase after the World Wars?
Men returned from war, leading to
increased
sexual activity and births
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What caused the baby boom in the 1960s?
Mass migration
and cultural changes around attitudes towards sex
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What percentage of births in 2011 were to mothers from outside the UK?
25%
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What is the total fertility rate?
The
average
number of
children
a woman will have during her
fertile years
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Why are women postponing having children?
They are prioritizing
education
and
careers
before starting families
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What are the reasons for the decline in birth and fertility rates?
Changes in the position of women
Decline in
infant mortality rate
Children as economic liabilities
Child-centeredness
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How has the position of women changed in society?
Women now seek
education
and
careers
rather than primarily homemaking
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What is the infant mortality rate (IMR)?
The number of deaths per
thousand
live births
per
year
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What are some reasons for the decline in the death rate and increase in life expectancy?
Health education
, improved
hygiene
,
sanitation
, and
medicine
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How has improved hygiene and sanitation affected life expectancy?
It has reduced the
likelihood
of disease and increased
longevity
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What role does public health and welfare play in life expectancy?
Governments inform citizens about health practices, improving
longevity
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How have working conditions improved over the years?
Most jobs are now safer and less hazardous than in the
past
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What implications do changes in birth and death rates have for society?
They affect family structures,
dependency ratios
, and
public services
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What is the dependency ratio?
The size of the
working population
compared to the
non-working population
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What has been the trend in average life expectancy since 1902?
It has increased for both
men
and
women
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Why is the decline in birth rates significant for public services?
Fewer
children may lead to fewer schools and child services needed
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How might Brexit affect future birth rates in the UK?
It could lead to changes in
immigration patterns
and birth rates
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What are the sociological implications of changes in fertility rates?
Smaller family sizes
More women in the workforce
Changes in
dependency ratios
Adjustments in public services and infrastructure
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What factors contribute to changes in death rates, infant mortality rates, and life expectancy?
Improved working conditions
and
safer jobs
are significant factors.
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What was the life expectancy of males born in England in 1900?
50
years.
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What was the life expectancy of females born in England in 1900?
57
years.
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What is the current life expectancy of males born in England in 2013?
90.7
years.
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What is the current life expectancy of females born in England in 2013?
94 years
.
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What are some factors that contribute to differences in life expectancy?
Social class
,
gender
, and
regional differences
.
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How does social class affect life expectancy in England?
Working-class
men are nearly
three times
more likely to die before
65
compared to
middle-class
men.
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Why do women generally live longer than men?
There may be
biological
, cultural, and
psychological
reasons for this trend.
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What regional differences exist in life expectancy in the UK?
People in the
north
and
Scotland
have a lower life expectancy than those in the
south
.
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What is meant by an aging population?
An aging population refers to an increase in the
average age
of the population.
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What are the implications of an aging population on public services?
Older people consume a larger
proportion
of
health and social care services
.
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What is the trend regarding pensioner households?
There is a higher number of
older people
living alone,
especially
women
.
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What is ageism?
Ageism is the negative perception of
older
people in society.
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What is the dependency ratio?
The dependency ratio refers to the number of
older
people dependent on the
working population
.
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What are some policy implications of an aging population?
Governments may need to change
retirement age
and
housing policies
.
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What is one way to finance a longer period of old age?
By changing the
retirement age
.
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What is a potential cultural change regarding
retirement
?
Encouraging
people to
stay
in
work
longer
instead of
retiring
early.
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How can older individuals be supported in the workforce?
By offering
retraining
opportunities for different careers.
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What is a housing issue related to the aging population?
Older individuals often occupy large houses alone, contributing to housing
shortages
.
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