RPH

• The term that refers to a narrative of past events that has meaning to a certain group of people at a certain time.
• That which provides evidence that an event actually happened.

  Source
• The term that refers to an argument about a past event.
• The term that refers to an argument about a past event.

  historical interpretation
• An oral testimony of a participant during the EDSA Revolution of 1986 is considered as a

  primary source
• The book Growth and Decline: Essays on Philippine Church History (2009) by John N. Schumacher, S.J. is an example of

  secondary source
• After looking for sources to prove that an event happened, the other major task of the historian is

  interpretation
• In historical research, an oral or written account of one who has witnessed an event is called

  testimony
• A check that a researcher does as to whether a document can be read and understood is a form of  

  external criticism
• Because history is an evidence-based discipline, one has to be mindful of what aspect of a source so as to avoid speculation?

  limitation
• The statement, "One past, many histories" means

  one event, many interpretations
• Historian does not show the events but they include meaning to the past
• What is the difference between history and ‘the past’?

  1ST: History is the study and interpretation of past events, while 'the past' refers to all events that have occurred before the present.

  
  

  2ND: Past is everything that happened before; History are impactful events that are witnessed and effected by people, therefore, they are written into narratives so people shall not forget the influence of that certain event in the past.

  
  

  3RD: History is a story or account of something that happened in the past & has meaning to a certain group of people.
• How do you know the past?

  We know the past due to historical documents, teachings, and experiences of those who have witnessed the events of the past
• What is history?

  1)Things that were witnessed

  2) Something that can be recalled and recorded

  3) Things that are relearned so we won't forget significant knowledge about our past

  4) A narrative of things that were recorded, remembered, witnessed from the past

  5) Narrative of events that has some meaning to a group of people at a certain time
• What is historical methodology?

  > Sources are artifacts that we need to learn about the past

  > Things that were left by the past proves evidence or existence of an event

  > Documents of the past are kept in archive to construct meaning & interpretation
• What are the 2 major tasks of a historian?

  > Gather data

  > Interpret data
• What are the historical sources?

  > Primary source

  > Secondary source

  > Relics

  > Testimonies
• What are primary sources?

  > Eyewitness accounts or those that are contemporaneous to an event.

  > These may be in the form of relics or testimonies

  Examples: La Solaridad written by Filipino propaganda of Rizal, Luna, Panganiban, etc.
• What are secondary sources?

  > Secondary sources are materials that analyze, interpret, or comment on primary sources. They provide second-hand information about a topic.

  > Analyses or interpretations of

  primary sources.
• What are relics?

  These are articles from daily life, artistic creations, and fortifications made by credible people
• What are testimonies?

  > Oral or written accounts
• Give examples of written testimonies

  1. Narratives, Memoirs and Travel Accounts
  2. Official Papers / Newspapers Record Sources (Official Correspondences, minutes)
  3. Records of Bureaucracy (Historical Data Papers; government historical data papers are research of significant events)
  4. Church Records
  5. Ego Documents (Diaries)
  6. Published Works (Book, Pamphlet, Vocabularios, etc).
• What are the different kinds of oral testimonies?

  Interviews

  Oral narratives

  Artistic Performance

  Epics

  Poems

  Songs
• What are alternative sources?

  1)Visual Art, Photographs, Film, Sound Recording, etc.

  2) Library of congress

  3) University of michigan digital photographs

  4) Biblioteca Nacional de Espana
• What is external criticism?

  Authenticity of the source
• What is internal criticism / credibility and reliability of source?

  Genesis (Origin)

  Genealogy

  Originality of the Document

   Interpretation of a Document

  Authorial Authority

   Competence of the Observer

  Observer’s Trustworthiness
• How should we assess primary sources?

  > Context (Origin, Purpose, and Background of Source)

  > Content (What does the source tell you?)

  > Overall Assessment (Value and Limitation)
• What are limitations in the overall assessment in assessing primary sources?

  Limitations pertains to the only data used as the only evidence in the writting

  > you cannot write information based on your own guess & implication

  > We can only get the data from credible historical sources
• Historical sources are?

  sources providing the historian with the answers to what, when, where, and who
• What discipline is history?

  an evidence-based discipline, we can only know the past only insofar as the sources provide.(Limitation)
• What should we know about the interpretation of sources?

  1)Sources are not self-interpreting

  2) Historians interpret the whys and hows of a given past event

  3) Historian examines continuities, contingencies, causality, processes and even consequences of an event.
• History


  > Gives a better understanding of who we are & why are we our identities in the present

  
  

  > It reclaims the significant stones that may be forgotten
• What are the cautions in interpreting sources?

  1)Caution against Anachronism "one must not censure the past thru the lenses of the present"

  2) One must understand that the past is distant from the present

  3) Historian must examine the past in its own terms
• Why should we study history?

  1)Gives a better understanding of who we are and why we are who we are in the present

  2) Reclaims significant stories that may be soon forgetten

  3) Offers insights and interpretations about past events