Industrial Medicine

• How did people believe infection was caused in the early 19th century?

  1. Spontaneous generation
  2. Miasma
  3. God
• What years is the Industrial period?

  1700 - 1900
• What is meant by the term 'spontaneous generation'


  Disease comes from nowhere
• What is meant by the term 'miasma'?


  Disease comes from bad air
• Who is Louis Pasteur?


  French chemist
• What theory did Pasteur make?


  Germ theory
• What year did Pasteur create 'Germ Theory'?


  1861
• When was Pasteur's 'Germ Theory' widely accepted?


  1880s
• What experiments did Pasteur carry to discover germs?

  1. Find out why beer and wine went sour
  2. Swan neck experiment
• What years did Pasteur experiment to see why beer and wine went sour?


  1857 - 1860
• What did Pasteur discover?

  1. Germs
  2. Microbes can be killed off at certain temperatures
• Why did Pasteur receive opposition?

  1. Belief in miasma
  2. Belief in spontaneous generation
  3. Belief that infection is spread by contact with an infected person
• What were the short-term impacts of Pasteur?

  1. Not widely accepted due to constant belief of spontaneous generation and miasma
  2. Him and Robert Koch went on to identify specific bacteria causing range of diseases and started developing vaccines for them
• What were the long-term impacts of Pasteur?

  1. Scientists took his theory further
  2. 1866 - vets suggest specific germs may cause different diseases
  3. 1874 - Emmanuel Klein identified microbe for Typhoid (although mistaken)
• Who was Robert Koch?


  German physician and microbiologist
• What did Koch discover?


  Different types of germs cause different types of disease
• What war increased rivalry between Pasteur and Koch?


  Franco-prusian war from 1870 - 1871
• What was Koch the first person to create?


  Vaccine in a lab
• How did Koch prove germ theory?


  Injecting rodents with disease
• Koch inspired development of vaccines against different diseases
• Koch was inspired by Pasteur's 'Germ Theory' and decided to continue working on it
• What did Koch find a way of doing?


  Staining and growing the particular germ he thought was responsible for anthrax
• When was the microscope discovered?


  1677
• What were the short-term impacts of Koch?

  1. People finally knew cause of disease
  2. Took a while for ideas to be accepted
  3. Some still believed in spontaneous generation and miasma
• What were the long-term impacts of Koch?

  1. allowed other scientists to locate specific germs that might cause specific human diseases
  2. Number of British germ studies published between 1873 - 1875
  3. John Tyndall continued to promote Germ Theory
  4. 1876 - John Tyndall lectured about Koch's discoveries
• What were the limitations of Koch?

  1. Nobody had yet come up with a way to kill or alter microbes in the body without damaging healthy tissue during surgery
  2. Optimism that as more specific microbes were identified, vaccines would follow
• Why did people start changing their mind about 'Germ Theory'

  1. Koch proved to doctors that Germ Theory could explain human diseases such as typhoid
  2. John Tyndall lecturing about Koch's discovery in 1876
  3. 1866 - Lionel Beale recognised specific microbe responsible for the cattle plague.
  4. Lionel Beale demonstrating how microscope could help with complex medical research
  5. Tyndall critised spontaneous generation
  6. 1874 - Emmanuel Klein claiming to find microbe responsible for typhoid
• What factors lead to development of vaccines?

  1. Communication
  2. Government
  3. War
  4. Teamwork
  5. Individuals
  6. Luck
• How did 'luck' lead to development of vaccines?


  Pasteur's assistant accidentally injected chicken with weakened sample of 'chicken cholera' and discovering it survived in 1879
• Who discovered the first anaesthetic?


  James Simpson
• What anaesthetic did James Simpson discover?


  Chloroform
• What year did Queen Victoria first use chloroform?


  1853
• Why did Queen Victoria use chloroform?


  During childbirth
• Why did Simpson try find anaesthetics?


  He saw the pain woman went through during childbirth
• What year did Simpson discover chloroform?


  1847
• How did Simpson discover chloroform could be used as an anaesthetic?


  He inhaled it with 3 of his friends and passed out
• Why is improvement of anaesthetics important for development in medicine?

  Allows for more complicated operations
• Why did Simpson's discovery receive opposition?

  1. Religious beliefs that pain is a blessing
  2. High dosage could kill
  3. Soldier's duty to feel pain
  4. It was new and unfamiliar
• What were the short-term impacts of Simpson?

  1. Recognised by Queen Victoria which encouraged use of it
  2. 'Black period of surgery'
  3. Increased death rates
• Why did discovery of chloroform increase death rates?

  Surgeons performed amputations for too long