Endocrine

• Hormone: mediator molecule released in one part of the body and regulates activity of cells in other parts of the body.
• Exocrine Glands: secrete products into ductsempty onto skin surface or lumen of hollow organ
• Secretions of exocrine glands: Mucus, sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, digestive enzymes.
• Endocrine glands: secretions enter interstitial fluid diffuse into bloodstream NO duct. secretions called hormones regulate metabolic & physiological activities
• Down regulation: Decrease in number of target cell receptors. Decrease in responsiveness of larger cell to hormone.
• Up regulation: Increase in number of target cell receptors. Increase in sensitivity of target cell to hormone.
• Circulation hormones: Act on distant target cell after entering the bloodstream.
• Local hormones: Act on target cells without entering the bloodstream
• Paracrine Cell: Produces hormones that act on neighboring cells.
• Autocrine cell: Produces hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them
• Transport proteins: Synthesized in liver.

  Lipid-soluble hormones are temporarily water soluble while bound to transporter proteins.
• Lipid-soluble hormones: Hormones that need transport proteins to help them travel thought blood.

  Lipid-soluble hormones can cross the lipid membrane of a cell and will bind to receptors that are deep inside the cell
• Lipid- soluble hormones are: Steroid Hormones, Thyroid hormones, gas (nitric oxide).
• Water-soluble hormones: can travel though blood with our a transport proteins.

  
  

  water-soluble hormones are unable to cross lipid membrane of a cell and must bind to receptor on the cell surface.
• Water-soluble hormones are: amine hormones, peptide and protein hormones, eicosanoid hormones.
• permissive effect: One hormone only has an effect if the target cell has (had) simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormone.
• synergistic effect: the effect of two hormones working together is greater than the sum of the individual hormones acting alone.
• antagonistic effect: one hormone opposes action of another hormone. One hormone blocking the activity of another hormone.
• ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND: Have hGH – human growth hormone (somatotropin), TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin),  FSH – follicle stimulating hormone & LH – luteinizing hormone,  PRL – prolactin, ACTH – adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotrophin).  
• POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND: have OT-oxytocin & ADH - antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin).
• Thyroid gland: produce thyroid hormones as thyroxine (T4) & triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin
• Parathyroid glands: produce parathormone (PTH)- parathormone.
• ADRENAL CORTEX of ADRENAL GLAND: produces  

  • MINERALOCORTICOIDS

  aldosterone 

  • GLUCOCORTICOIDS 

  cortisol (hydrocortisone), corticosterone, cortisone 

  • ANDROGENS 

  DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone 
• Adrenal medulla of adrenal gland: produces epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenalin) 
• Pancreas produces:

  • Glucagon.
  • insulin.
  • somatostatin.
  • pancreatic polypeptide.
• Testes (or testicles):

  • Testosterone.
• OVARIES produces:

  estrogen (estradiol & estrone) 

  progesterone 
• PINEAL GLAND: produce melatonin 
• THYMUS: produces  

  thymosin, THF thymic humoral factor, TF thymic factor, thymopoietin