MONOSACCHRIDES

• Monosacchrides CANNOT be split / hydrolyzed into Smaller Carbohydrates
• Monosacchrides have 3-9 Carbon Atoms, a Carbonyl Group, and several Hydroxyl Groups
• Aldose is a Monosacchride with an Aldehyde Group and many Hydroxyl (OH) Groups
• The Simplest Aldose is Glyceraldehyde
• Ketose is a Monosacchrides with a Ketone Groupd and many Hydroxyl Groups
• The Simplest Ketose is Dihydroxyacetone
• Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone are Constitutional Isomers
• Some Important Monosacchrides: Glucose (Dextrose), Fructose, and Galactose
• GLUCOSE is Blood Sugar (C6H12O6 - ALDOHEXOSE)
• GLUCOSE is the most abundant monosacchride
• GLUCOSE can be found in fruits, vegetables, corn syrup, and honey
• Glucose can also be found in Disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
• Glucose makes up Polysacchrides like Starch, Cellulose, and Glycogen
• The body's Normal Blood Glucose Level is 70-100 mg/dL
• Excess glucose is stored in Polysacchrides (Glycogen) or in Fat
• Insulin Regulates Blood Glucose Levels by Increase of Glucose Uptake into Tissues or by forming Glycogen
• Diabetes Patients have trouble producing insulin to regulate Sugar Levels (Monitor Diet / Inject Insulin Daily)
• Fructose is Fruit Sugar (C6H12O6 - Ketohexose)
• Fructose is the Sweetest and is found in Fruit Juices / Honey
• Fructose found in the Bloodstream is Converted into Glucose (Isomer)
• Fructose + Glucose = Sucrose (Table Sugar)
• Galactose has a simillar Structure to Glucose, except for the OH on Carbon 4
• Galactose CANNOT be found in nature
• Galactose exsists in the Cellular Membranes of the Brain and Nervous System
• Galactose + Glucose = Lactose (Disacchride & Sugar in Milk)
• Galactosemia is a disease that happens when Galactose does NOT convert into Glucose due to a missing Enzyme
• Galactosemia is the accumulation of Galactose in the Blood & Tissues
• Galactosemia causes Mental Retardation & Cataracts
• The solution to Galactosemia is removing Galactose (Milk) from the diet
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Colorless, Sweet, Crytalline Solid, High Melting Points (Due to OH Groups), Soluble in Water, and Insoluble in Non-polar Solvents (H Bond due to OH Groups)
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: 1.) Forms Glycosides (Acetals) due to a reaction with Alcohol / Only exists in Cyclic Hemiacetal Forms
• Acetals are Stable in Water but are Hydrolyzed in Acids
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: 2.) Oxidation of Monosacchrides = Reducing Sugars
• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: 3.) Reduction of Monosacchrides = Sugar Alcohols are sweeteners in many sugar-free products (e.g. diet drinks & sugarless gum) which may cause diarrhea and cataract