cns

• The brain is made of neurons, glial cells, subarachnoid space, meninges, brain ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
• Neurons are the functional units of the Central Nervous System (CNS) and there are over 100 billion neurons in the human brain.
• Glial cells support neurons and maintain the brain's health.
• The subarachnoid space is located between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater.
• Meninges protect the brain from 'damage'.
• Brain ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
• 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is a precursor to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).
• Tryptophan hydroxylase is an enzyme that converts tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP).
• 5-HTP decarboxylase is an enzyme that converts 5-HTP to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).
• CNS Disorders: Anxiety & Depression can affect termination.
• Reuptake is a process where neurotransmitters are reabsorbed into the presynaptic terminal.
• The process of brain development involves the formation of neurons and glial cells.
• Astrocyte, Oligodendroctye, Neuron, Lineage restricted progenitor cells, Progenitor, Stem cell, Ectoderm, Embryonic tissue which is precursor for CNS.
• The brainstem consists of the Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain.
• The cerebellum, also known as the 'Little brain', coordinates fine muscle movement and balance.
• The hypothalamus regulates cardiovascular & temperature, feeding & drinking, sexual behaviour, sleep, aggression etc.
• The thalamus is the brain's sensory switchboard and relays sensory information to and from the cortical regions.
• The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
• Absence of the corpus callosum can lead to conditions such as autism, schizophrenia, and epilepsy.
• The cerebral cortex is the largest and most highly developed region of the brain and is divided into multiple lobes.
• The frontal lobe contains the prefrontal cortex which is responsible for intellectual function and emotional behaviour, and the motor cortex which contains the premotor and primary motor cortex.
• Parkinson’s disease affects the synthesis of tyrosine, while anxiety & depression affect the storage/release of tryptophan.
• The accident with the tamping iron occurred while Phineas Gage was working in the railway.
• Chemical synapse is excitatory and is terminated by acetylcholine, while inhibitory synapse is terminated by GABA.
• Drugs of abuse such as amphetamine and MDMA cause non-exocytotic release of NA and DA.
• The parietal lobe processes sensory information associated with taste, temperature, touch; knowledge of numbers; orientation etc.
• Cognitive enhancers like donepezil inhibit acetylcholinesterase and have modest effects in increasing cognitive function in Alzheimer’s disease.
• Before the injury, Phineas Gage was capable, efficient, and well-balanced.
• CNS disorders include Parkinson’s disease, anxiety & depression, and Alzheimer’s disease.
• Alzheimer’s disease affects the termination of neurotransmission.
• After the injury, Phineas Gage became antisocial, extravagant, and couldn't hold a job.
• The amygdala is involved in aggression, fear, sex drive, sadness, anxiety, memory, binge drinking, and anger.
• The temporal lobe contains the primary auditory cortex and has some visual cognition due to its close association with the occipital lobe.
• The cingulate gyrus coordinates sensory input with emotions.
• The limbic system, particularly the hippocampus, is involved in spatial navigation and is affected in Alzheimer’s disease.
• The occipital lobe is entirely concerned with processing visual information.
• The hypothalamus and thalamus are associated with sleep, temperature regulation, and the termination of neurotransmission.
• The cerebral cortex functional areas include the basal ganglia important for movement, the limbic system which includes the hippocampus, the cingulate gyrus, the amygdala, and the hypothalamus.
• Classical neurotransmitter acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyl CoA and choline via choline-acetyltransferase, stored in vesicles within the presynaptic membrane, released via exocytosis, and terminated by acetylcholinesterase.
• The basal ganglia are associated with movement control and are disrupted in Parkinson’s disease.