pharmacognosy

• Alkaloids are organic compounds with a nitrogen atom in the ring.
• Ornithine, Lysine, Nicotinic acid, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Histidine are examples of non-amino alkaloids.
• Alkaloids can be derived from amino acids, such as Lysine, or can be non-amino.
• Alkaloids can be found in the bark of pomegranate (Punica granatum), Family Punicaceae.
• Lobelia herb (Indian Tobacco) is the dried aerial parts of Lobelia inflata, family Campanulacea.
• Bleeding is reduced because of Ergometrine's vasoconstrictor effects and it is valuable after Caesarian operations.
• Ergotamine is used in the treatment of acute attacks of migraine.
• LSD causes quite dramatic hallucinations, intensifies perceptions and distorts them.
• Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the diethylamine derivative of lysergic acid.
• The effects of LSD on the mind depend on the user's state of mind at the time, and no two 'trips' are alike.
• Although LSD is not addictive, it can lead to schizophrenia and there is danger of serious physical accidents occurring whilst the user is under the influence of the drug.
• Experiences with LSD can vary from beautiful visions to living nightmares, sometimes lasting for days.
• Bromocriptine inhibits the release of prolactin by the pituitary and can thus suppress lactation and be used in the treatment of breast tumours.
• Ergometrine is used as oxytocin and is injected during the final stages of labour and immediately following childbirth, especially if haemorrhage occurs.
• Bromocriptine (2-bromo-α-ergocryptine) is a semi-synthetic lysergic acid derivative.
• Piperine is found in black pepper (Piper nigrum), family Piperaceae.
• Found in Colchicum seed and corm (Colchicum autumnale) family Liliaceae.
• Tryptophan-derived alkaloids include Indole alkaloids NHCOOH.
• β-carboline derived alkaloids include Yohimbine, Yohimbe bark (Pausinystalia yohimbe; Rubiaceae), Reserpine, Deserpidine, Snakeroot: Rauwolfia, serpentina; Apocynaceae), and Madagascar periwinkle or Vinca flower: Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae).
• Alkaloids include Ornithine, Lysine, Nicotinic acid, Tyrosine, Tryptophan, Histidine, and Non amino acid NHCOOH.
• Relaxes smooth muscle so used as antispasmodic and is formulated with some analgesics such as aspirin.
• The treatment of gout, but it is very toxic.
• Cytotoxic and antimitotic so may have an anticancer activity.
• Vinblastine, Vincristine, Madagascar periwinkle or Vinca flower: Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae) are used in the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease, a cancer affecting the lymph glands, spleen, and liver.
• Simple Indole NHNHN, β-carboline, Pyroloindole, Quinoline, Ergoline NHNHN.
• Treatment for male impotence, its activity as a Ca+2 channel blocker led to the development of verapamil.
• Nicotine is found in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), family Solanaceae.
• Opium is the air-dried milky exudate, or latex, obtained by incising the unripe capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae).
• Pethidine, Fentanyl, and Tramadol are powerful analgesics as Morphine.
• Opium Alkaloids include Benzyl-tetrahydro-isoquinoline (Morphinan), Codeine, Benzyl-isoquinoline, and Papaverine.
• In many parts of the world, smoking is rapidly becoming an antisocial activity due to the health problems caused by passive smoking.
• Smoking tobacco is an addictive habit, unlike other addictive drugs, however, tobacco is legally and widely accessible.
• The euphoria induced by injection of heroin has resulted in much abuse of the drug and creation of a worldwide major drug problem.
• Alkaloids can be derived from plants such as the opium poppy, coca, and cacao, and can also be synthesized in the laboratory.
• Heroin is widely used for terminal care, e.g. cancer sufferers, both as an analgesic and cough suppressant.
• Opium Alkaloids have various uses including analgesic, anti-tussive, and emetic properties.
• Alkaloids are derived from amino acids and non-amino acids, and include Tyrosine, Lysine, Histidine, Ornithine, and Nicotinic acid.
• Dextromethorphan and pholcodine have anti-tussive activity as codeine.
• Heroin is a diacetyl morphine and was synthesized originally as a cough suppressant.
• Apomorphine is a powerful emetic and can be injected for emergency treatment of poisoning and used in control of Parkinson disease symptoms.