Soc sci 2

• A civilization is a society with high standards of living, organized government, religion, a system of labor, and social satisfaction.
• Roger Osborne is an American historian.
• the 5 standard civilization: Government, economy, religion, system of writing, and advanced level of technology.
• Egypt is found in the northeastern part of Africa.
• Egyptians built ancient communities beside the Nile River.
• Kemet is also called the black land
• they collected papyrus which they used in making different products like ropes and baskets.
• Egypt consisted of two big kingdoms: the Lower Egypt in the Nile Delta in the northern part and Upper Egypt in the Nile Valley in the southern part.
• Menes, King of Upper Egypt, occupied Lower Egypt
• Historians divided the history of a unified Egypt into three periods: the Old Kingdom or Age of Pyramids, the Middle Kingdom or Age of Nobles, and the New Kingdom or Empire Age.
• The highest leader of Egypt was called pharaoh which means “great house.”
• Ra was the son of the sun god
• The pharaoh was assisted by the vizier or “chief overseer,”
• The Old Kingdom was also known as the Age of Pyramids.
• The Middle Kingdom was under Amenemhet of Lower Egypt.
• Thebes is now present day Luxor
• Nubia is now present day Sudan
• Hyksos ruled Lower Egypt for about 70 to 100 years.
• Egyptians under Ahmose’s leadership defeated and threw Hyksos out of their land.
• Ahmose I defeated and threw the Hyksos out of Egypt
• Thutmose I expanded the territories of Euphrates River. First pharaoh to build a tomb.
• Hatshepsut was the first female pharaoh. She led the largest trading expedition in the history
• Thutmose III the Egyptian Empire reached its greatest expanse during his time.
• Amenhotep IV He encouraged Egyptian to worship one god, Aton. Because of his devotion to Aton, he changed his name to “Akhenaton” which means “servant to Aton.”
• Tutankhamun He began to rule at age of nine. His ministers revived the traditional religions of the Egyptians.
• Rameses II Also known as “Rameses the Great” for his great leadership in warfare against the Hittites in the Battle of Kadesh.
• Rameses III The last warrior pharaoh. He saved Egypt from the “sea people,” who probably came from southern Europe or Anatolia (present day – Turkey)
• Egypt became occupied by various groups such as Nubians, the Assyrians, the Persians, and the Macedonians under Alexander the Great.
• Cleopatra VII was the last ruler before Egypt fell into the hands of the Roman Empire
• The pharaoh, priests, and nobles composed of the upper class.
• the middle class, which consisted of the artisans, scribes, traders, and tax collectors.
• The farmers made up the lowest class in the Egyptian society.
• Hieroglyphics was the ancient writing invented by the Egyptians.
• Amon-Ra or the sun god,
• Polytheism or the belief in many gods was practiced by the Egyptians
• Osiris, the god of death
• mummification, a process of preserving human remains.
• the body is placed in a sarcophagus.
• The most famous pyramid in Giza, Egypt was built for the pharaoh Khufu.
• architectural legacy of the Egyptians is the Sphinx, a large statue that has the head of a lion and the body of a human.