HGE

• Absolute Pressure is pressure above absolute zero.
• Archimedes Principle states that Anybody immersed in a fluid is subjected to an upward force called buoyant force equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
• Atmospheric pressure is the pressure at any one point on the earth surface from the weight of the air above it.
• Over consolidated soil is a soil whose present effective overburden pressure is less than that which the soil experienced in the past.
• Intergranular Stress is stress resulting from particle to particle contact of soil.
• Consistency is used to describe the degree of firmness of soil.
• Foundation is a structure which transmits the building load to the underlying soil.
• Flow Line is a line along which a water particle will travel from upstream to the down stream side in the permeable soil medium.
• Ultimate net bearing capacity is the maximum pressure that the soil can support above its current.
• Venturi Meter is an instrument used in measuring the discharge through pipes.
• Equipotential line is a line along which the potential head at all points is equal.
• Allowable bearing capacity or safe bearing capacity is the working pressure that would ensure a margin of safety against collapse of the structure from shear failure.
• Active earth pressure coefficient is the ratio between lateral and vertical principal effective stresses when an earth retaining structure moves away from a retained soil.
• Liquefaction is a process by which water saturated soil sediment temporarily loss strength and stiffness and acts as a fluid. Due to earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.
• Total Stress is the sum of effective and neutral stresses.
• Cohesion is the component of shear strength of a rock or soil that is due to interparticle friction.
• Retaining wall is a structure whose primary purpose is to prevent lateral movement of earth or some material.
• Geotechnical Engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the study of the behavior of earth materials.
• Embedment depth (D) is the depth below the ground surface where the base of the foundation rests.
• Pore water pressure is stress induced by water pressures.
• Footings consist of a small slab for transmitting the building load to the underlying soil.
• Flow Net is a combination of a number of flow line and equipotential line.
• Factor of safety is the ratio of the ultimate net bearing to the allowable bearing capacity or to the applied maximum vertical stress.
• Shear is soil derives its strength from its capacity to resist.
• Shallow foundation is one in which the ratio of the embedment depth to the minimum plan dimension, which is usually the width, is Di/ B 52.5.
• Passive earth pressure coefficient is the ratio between lateral and vertical principal effective stresses when an earth retaining structure is forced against a soil mass.
• Overburden pressure is the pressure (effective stress) of the soil removed fraction of the soil.
• Ultimate bearing capacity is the maximum pressure that the soil can support.
• Hydraulic gradient is a line joining the points of highest elevation of water of a series of vertical open pipes rising from a pipeline in which water flows under pressure.
• Turbulent flow is when the path of individual particles are irregular and continuously cross each other.
• Metacentric height is the distance from the metacenter to the center gravity of the body.
• Weir are overflow structures which are built across an open channel for the purpose of measuring the flow rate.
• Hydraulic grade line is a graphical presentation of the total energy of flow.
• Turbine extracts flow energy to do mechanical work which in turn is converted into electrical energy for turbines.
• Major head loss is caused by pipe friction along straight sections of pipe of uniform diameter and uniform roughness.
• Power is the rate of work done per unit of time.
• Bernoulli principle states that in any stream flowing steadily without friction, the total energy contained is the same at every point in its path of flow.
• Metacenter is the point of intersection between the vertical axis of the body and the line of action of the buoyant force.
• Hydrodynamics deals with the study of the motion of liquid and of the interactions of the fluid with its boundaries.
• An embankment dam is a gravity dam formed out of loose rock, earth, or a combination of these materials.