DNA

• Each strand has a sugar-phosphate backbone with nitrogenous bases attached to it.
• The structure of DNA consists of two strands twisted together, forming a double helix.
• DNA is the genetic material that contains instructions to make proteins.
• DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself during cell division.
• DNA replication occurs in the 5' to 3' direction, meaning that new nucleotides are added to the 3' end of the growing DNA strand.
• During DNA replication, one parental strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary daughter strand.
• Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation.
• DNA is made up of four different types of nucleotides called adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
• Adenine always pairs with thymine, while cytosine always pairs with guanine.
• Each base pairs with another specific base through hydrogen bonds.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is similar to DNA but has ribose instead of deoxyribose sugar and uracil (U) instead of thymine.
• Translation is the second step in protein synthesis, where ribosomes read the code in the mRNA and use it to build a specific amino acid chain.
• The sequence of bases on one strand determines the sequence of bases on the other strand.
• Transcription is the first step in protein synthesis, where RNA polymerase reads the base sequence of a gene and creates an mRNA molecule.
• The sequence of bases on a single strand of DNA determines the genetic information carried by the molecule.
• The sequence of these bases determines the information encoded in DNA.
• Genetic engineering refers to the deliberate manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology techniques.
• Translation is the second step in protein synthesis, where ribosomes read the mRNA code and translate it into a specific amino acid sequence.
• Transcription is the first step in protein synthesis, where RNA polymerase reads the DNA sequence and transcribes it into mRNA.
• Nucleic acids can be classified into three main types based on their chemical composition: Ribonucleic Acid (RNA), Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), and Transfer RNA (tRNA).
• New nucleotide monomers attach to the free ends of the separated strands through phosphodiester bond formation.
• The two main forms of RNA are messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA).
• Transcription is the process by which mRNA is produced from DNA.
• The genetic code consists of three-letter words or codons that specify which amino acids are added to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.
• Translation is the process by which proteins are assembled using tRNA and mRNA.