Early activists - who resisted Jim Crow

• Booker T Washington - achievement & significance - established the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Its curriculum focused upon practical skills . It became a powerhouse of African-American education and political influence in US. He was an accommodationist with political influence . He was recognised as America's premier black spokesman and several presidents consulted him.
• Booker T Washington - limitations - he was criticised by Du Bois and opposed his accommodationism and advocated protest ; he did not openly challenge segregation ; he thought that the best way was to accept segregation ( in the South). He thought education was vocational. His stance was considered demeaning by members of black elite in the North.
• Ida B Wells - achievements & significance - she was one of the most famous black activists of late 19th century. Wells was important because of her lifelong, wide ranging activism, particularly her publicising of the evils of lynching. She helped to establish community institutions and local and national organisations that helped poor, middle class blacks. She helped to empower black women by encouraging them to join organisations - fought for woman suffrage. Awakened black consciousness.
• Ida B Wells - limitations - stubborn, perceived as too 'radical' , failed to get the federal government to legislate against lynching , was forced to leave Tenesse due to her impact.
• Web Du Bois - achievement - one of the foremost intellectuals of his era, 1st black american to earn a PhD from Harvard university. He published widely before becoming NAACP's director of publicity, research and starting the organizations official journal, 'The crisis'. He used data to solve social issues for the black community. He was born free and pursued a degree . He challenged T Washington and encouraged black Americans to openly strive for civil rights.
• Web Du Bois - significance - he was an activist and the most important black protest leader in US; encouraged black pride and activism.