Retrieval Failure

• How does retrieval failure occur?

  When memory is stored but inaccessible
• What analogy is used to explain retrieval failure?

  Like a file on a computer that's misplaced
• What is the purpose of the Short Term Store according to the image?

  To temporarily hold information before it is transferred to long-term memory
• What is the name of the third stage in the memory process shown in the image?

  Long Term Store (LTM)
• What is the process that connects the Long Term Store back to the Short Term Store?

  Retrieval
• How does information flow in memory according to the encoding specificity principle?

  From sensory store to STM, then LTM
• What is the purpose of the Long Term Store according to the image?

  To permanently store information for long-term retrieval
• What is the name of the second stage in the memory process shown in the image?

  Short Term Store (STM)
• What is the difference in memory performance between matching and mismatching contexts?

  Matching contexts yield high performance, mismatching yields low
• How do context and state cues affect memory recall?

  • Both cues are vital for recall
  • Similar cues during encoding and recall enhance performance
• What factors influence context dependent forgetting?

  • Environment during learning
  • Environment during recall
  • Presence of cues during learning and recall
• What is the process that connects the Short Term Store to the Long Term Store?

  Transfer
• What happens during State Dependent Forgetting?

  Internal cues differ from the encoding state
• Who conducted the study on context-dependent forgetting in 1975?

  Garden and Baddeley
• How does context dependent forgetting manifest?

  Forgetting something learned in a different environment
• What did participants do after studying the material?

  They recalled the information under different states
• What enhances memory performance according to the study?

  Matching internal cues
• What did the results of the study indicate about recall performance?

  Recall was better in the same internal state
• What does the encoding specificity principle explain?

  Memory cues must match during learning
• What is the purpose of the Sensory Store according to the image?

  To receive and briefly hold sensory information
• What is necessary for retrieval of information from memory?

  Having the right cues
• How do internal cues affect memory retrieval according to the study?

  They enhance memory retrieval
• What did Carter & Cassidy (1998) investigate?

  Effects of antihistamines on memory recall
• What is the name of the first stage in the memory process shown in the image?

  Sensory Store
• What were the four conditions in the study regarding learning and recall states?

  1. Antihistamine - Antihistamine: High performance
  2. Antihistamine - Placebo: Low performance
  3. Placebo - Antihistamine: Low performance
  4. Placebo - Placebo: High performance
• What are the three main stages of memory shown in the image?

  1. Sensory Store
  2. Short Term Store (STM)
  3. Long Term Store (LTM)
• What were the results of the study regarding matching and mismatching contexts?

  • Matching contexts (same location for learning and recall) resulted in the best recall.
  • Mismatching contexts (different locations for learning and recall) resulted in the worst recall.
• What principle does the study support regarding memory performance?

  Encoding specificity principle
• What is the purpose of each stage of memory shown in the image?

  • Sensory Store: Receives and briefly holds sensory information
  • Short Term Store (STM): Temporarily holds information before transfer to long-term memory
  • Long Term Store (LTM): Permanently stores information for long-term retrieval
• What do you need to access a memory that is stored but not retrievable?

  You need the right cues or clues
• Why is "reporting everything" important in eyewitness testimony?

  It captures overlooked information
• What is the impact of mismatching internal states on memory performance?

  Mismatching states lead to low memory performance
• What is a critique of the retrieval failure explanation?

  It requires a dramatic difference in context
• In what two contexts were the scuba divers tested for recall?

  Underwater and on land
• What was the method used in Carter & Cassidy's study?

  Participants studied word lists and passages
• What does the table illustrate about context dependent forgetting?

  • Factors affecting memory recall:
  • Environment: Classroom vs. Home
  • Cues Present: Whiteboard and notes vs. None
  • Result: Poor memory recall in absence of cues
• What concept does the study highlight regarding memory retrieval?

  Significance of state-dependent forgetting
• What were the two conditions participants were assigned to in the study?

  Antihistamine or placebo
• What factors affect memory performance according to the table?

  • Context: Quiet library vs. slightly noisy library
  • State: Focused vs. moderately distracted
  • Memory performance can still decline
• What is the process that connects the Short Term Store back to the Sensory Store?

  Rehearsal