bio

• Amylase: An enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas that breaks carbohydrates down into simple sugars.
• Aorta: The main artery that takes oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body.
• Artery: A blood vessel that carries blood at high pressure away from the heart
• Bile: A substance made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder which is used to neutralise stomach acid in the intestine and emulsify fats.
• Blood: A tissue containing red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma
• Capillary: A very thin blood vessel that is used for exchange of substances.
• Cell: The basic building block of all living organisms.
• Communicable disease: A disease that can be spread between individuals either directly or indirectly.
• Coronary heart disease: A disease caused by the buildup of fatty deposits inside the coronary artery, narrowing it and reducing blood flow to the heart tissue.
• Enzymes: Biological catalysts that increase the rate of reactions in living organisms
• Health: The state of physical and mental wellbeing.
• Heart: An organ that pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system.
• Lipase: An enzyme that is produced in the pancreas that breaks lipids down into fatty acids and glycerol.
• Lock and key hypothesis: A theory that describes how substrates must be the correct shape to fit the active site of an enzyme.
• Meristem tissue: Plant tissues containing undifferentiated stem cells
• Metabolism: All of the chemical reactions occurring in an organism.
• Non-communicable disease: A disease which cannot be spread between individuals.
• Organs: Aggregations of tissues performing specific functions.
• Organ systems: Groups of organs that work together to form organisms
• Protease: An enzyme produced in the stomach and pancreas that breaks proteins down into amino acids.
• Pulmonary artery: The main artery that takes deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs.
• Pulmonary vein: The main vein that takes oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs.
• Rate of reaction: The speed at which reactants are converted into products
• Statins: A class of drugs that are used to reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows down the rate of fatty material deposit.
• Stent: A tube that can be surgically implanted into blood vessels to keep them open.
• Tissue: A group of cells with a similar structure and function.
• Vein: A blood vessel that carries blood at a low pressure back to the heart.
• Vena cava: The main vein that takes deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body.
• Antibiotics: Medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infective bacteria inside the body.
• Gonorrhoea: A sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium with symptoms of a thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating.
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): An infectious virus that weakens the immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
• Spongy mesophyll tissue is packed loosely for efficient gas exchange.
• The spongy mesophyll cells are covered by a thin layer of water.
• Gases diffuse out of the spongy mesophyll cells during transpiration respiration and photosynthesis.
• During photosynthesis, plants produce glucose from simple inorganic molecules - carbon dioxide and water - using light energy. Some of the glucose produced by photosynthesis is used for respiration. This releases energy for the seven life processes.

  Translocation is the movement of sugar produced in photosynthesis to all other parts of the plant for respiration and the other processes described above. This occurs in phloem cells.
• Vessels:

  • Lose their end walls so the xylem forms a continuous, hollow tube.
  • Become strengthened by a chemical called lignin. The cells are no longer alive. Lignin gives strength and support to the plant. We call lignified cells wood.
• The phloem moves food substances that the plant has produced by photosynthesis including glucose and amino acids
•  During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata, and oxygen is released. The stomata also play a role in regulating the amount of water lost by the plant through transpiration
• Stomata are found on the undersides of leaves. They consist of two guard cells which control whether they open or close. When the guard cells become turgid (swollen) with water, the stomata opens. If the guard cells lose water, the stomata closes.
• Tobacco mosaic virus - transmitted by contact between plants infects the chloroplasts of plant leaves and changes their colour from green to yellow or white in a mosaic pattern. Reduces the plant's ability to photosynthesise and grow properly. There is no cure, thus farmers' only option is to stop their crops from being infected or reduce the spread if they have.