endocrine

• What are the primary causes of pituitary disorders?

  Tumours, injury, genetic disorders
• The anterior pituitary is more commonly affected than the posterior
• Tumours in the anterior pituitary usually cause hypersecretion of hormones.
• Match the hormone with its hypersecretion effect:

  Growth hormone ↔️ Gigantism (child), Acromegaly (adult)

  Adrenocorticotropic hormone ↔️ Cushing’s Disease

  Thyroid-stimulating hormone ↔️ Goiter, Graves disease

  Prolactin ↔️ Amenorrhea, too little milk
• Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly
• Cushing’s Disease is caused by hypersecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
• What is the effect of hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

  Goiter, Graves disease
• Hyposecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in adults results in myxedema
• Steps in diagnosing acromegaly using the oral glucose tolerance test:

  1️⃣ Measure baseline GH levels

  2️⃣ Administer high blood glucose

  3️⃣ Measure GH levels again

  4️⃣ Check if GH levels decrease as expected
• What is the most common cause of excess growth hormone secretion in acromegaly?

  GH-secreting pituitary adenoma
• Osteoarthritis in acromegaly is caused by increased growth hormone levels.
• High IGF-1 in the presence of high GH suggests inadequate feedback
• What is the first-line treatment for acromegaly?

  Surgery to remove adenoma
• High levels of prolactin suppress LH secretion.
• What is the main method of control for prolactin secretion?

  Dopamine release
• Estrogen increases the production and secretion of prolactin
• Prolactin enhances the secretion of dopamine, creating a negative feedback loop.
• What are the symptoms of hyperprolactinemia in women?

  Amenorrhea, galactorrhoea, infertility
• In hyperprolactinemia in men, reduced testosterone production is due to suppressed LH
• Dopamine agonists are the most common treatment for hyperprolactinemia.
• What are the potential causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH)?

  Tumours, injury, genetic defects
• Match the primary cause of HH with an example:

  Genetic disorders ↔️ Kallmann Syndrome

  Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism ↔️ GnRH insensitivity
• Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism can result in delayed or absent puberty.
• What diagnostic measurements are reduced in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?

  LH, FSH, testosterone
• LH and FSH are released in a pulsatile
• Hormone replacement is a common treatment for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
• What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

  Oxytocin and ADH
• Match the hormone with its hyposecretion effect:

  Oxytocin ↔️ Prolonged childbirth

  ADH ↔️ Diabetes insipidus
• Diabetes insipidus results from hyposecretion of ADH
• SIADH is caused by excessive release of ADH.
• What is the normal range for plasma sodium levels in SIADH?

  <134meq/l
• The combination of cerebral oedema and hyponatremia in SIADH can cause seizures and reduced consciousness
• What are the three types of diabetes insipidus?

  Neurogenic, nephrogenic, psychogenic
• Match the type of diabetes insipidus with its treatment:

  Neurogenic DI ↔️ Desmopressin

  Nephrogenic DI ↔️ Low salt diet

  Psychogenic DI ↔️ Reduction in fluid intake
• Disturbances in the hypothalamo-pituitary axis can be caused by both congenital and acquired factors.
• What type of hypogonadism is described in the study material?

  Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
• The regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis includes growth and stress
• Disturbances in the hypothalamo-pituitary axis can be caused by both congenital and acquired factors.
• Which glands are affected by endocrine disorders according to the learning objectives?

  Thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal
• The study material focuses on endocrine disorders that are primarily autoimmune