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• Penology is the study of punishment from crime or of criminal offenders, including the study of control and prevention of crime through punishment of criminal offenders.
• Penology is a term derived from a Latin word “POENA” which means pain or suffering.
• Zebulon Brockway was the first Director of the Elmira Reformatory in New York.
• The Elmira Reformatory features a training school type of Institutional program, compulsory education of prisoners, casework methods, extensive use of parole, and an indeterminate sentence.
• The Elmira Reformatory is considered the forerunner of modern Penology because it had all the elements of a modern system.
• Penology is usually a division of criminology that deals with prison management and the treatment of offenders, and is concerned with the philosophy and practice of society in its effort to repress criminal activities.
• The period from 1870 to 1880 was called the “Golden Age of Penology” because of significant events such as the organization of the National Prison Association, the adoption of a “Declaration of Principles”, and the holding of the first International Prison Congress.
• The Elmira Reformatory, considered as the forerunner of modern penology, was opened in Elmira, New York in 1876.
• The first separate institutions for women were established in Indiana and Massachusetts.
• Correction is the act of correcting or setting right, the act of disciplining or chastening.
• Correction is a branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned with the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
• Correction as a process is the reorientation of the criminal offender to prevent him or her from repeating his delinquent actions without the necessity of taking action but rather through individual measures of reformation.
• Correction is considered as the 4th pillar in the Philippine Criminal Justice System, taking over once the accused, after having found guilty, is meted out the penalty for the crime he committed.
• Correction is also considered as the weakest pillar in the Philippine Criminal Justice System.
• The Panopticon Prison, a type of prison conceived by Bentham, consists of a large circular building of cast iron and glass containing multi-tiered cells around the periphery.
• Sir Evelyn Ruggles Brise, the Director of the English Prison, opened the Borstal Institution for young offenders, considered as the best reform Institution for young offenders today.
• Alexander Maconochie is the father of modern Penology who introduced the progressive Humane System or the Mark System.
• Manuel Montesimos, the Director of prisons in Valencia Spain, divided the number of prisoners into companies and appointed certain prisons as petty officers in charge, which allowed good behavior to prepare the convict for gradual release.
• The Auburn Prison Model features the confinement of the prisoners in single cell at night and congregate work in shops during the daytime.
• Walter Crofton, the Director of the Irish Prison in 1854, introduced the Irish system that was modified from the Macanochie’s mark system.
• The Auburn Prison Model was considered as the most effective and advantageous because, it has been observed that the prisoners can finish more articles when they work together as a rather than working alone in their individual cells.
• Walnut Street Prison Jail, by Legislative Act, was turned into the first American penitentiary, where the separate, silent penitential philosophy of John Howard was introduced.
• Walnut Street Prison Jail was originally constructed as a detention jail in Philadelphia and was converted into a state prison and became the first American Penitentiary.
• The first home for delinquent boys ever established was the Hulks, which were abandoned and unusable ships converted into prisons as a means of relieving prison congestion when the transportation system was abandoned in England.
• The Pennsylvania Prison Model features a solitary confinement of the prisoners in their own cell day and night where they live, sleep, receive religious instruction and read the bible.
• Bridewell was a term for houses of corrections which were used for locking up, employing and whipping beggars, prostitutes and other misfits.
• Institutional corrections refer to those persons housed in secure correctional facilities.
• The Burgundian Code introduced the concept of restitution, where an offender had to pay specified value in order not to undergo physical sufferings as penalty.
• Punishment is the redress that the state takes against an offending member of society that usually involve pain and suffering.
• Ancient Forms of Punishment include Death Penalty, Physical Torture, Social Degradation, Banishment or Exile, Burning, Beheading, Crucifixion, Drowning, Feeding to Wild Animals, Firing Squad, Electrocution, Electric Chair, Hanging, Lethal Gas Chamber, Quartering of the Body.
• The Church was a powerful mechanism that influenced Governance.
• The Mamertine Prison is the only early Roman place of confinement which is built under the main sewer of Rome in 64 B.C.
• Hospicio de San Michelle (Hospital of St Michael) was built by Pope Clement XI in 1703 designed for incorrigible youths under 20 years of age.
• Non-institutional Correction refers to those persons serving their sentence outside prison house or under limitations for such reason they may still help their family and self for living and contribute in the community.
• In the 13th century, a criminal could avoid punishment by claiming refugee in a church for a period of 40 days.
• The Greeks were the first society to allow any citizen to prosecute the offender in the name of the injured party.
• The Code of Draco, a harsh code in Greece, provides the same punishment for both citizens and the slaves as it incorporates primitive concepts such as Vengeance and Blood Feuds.
• Penal management refers to the manner or practice of managing or controlling places of confinement as jails or prisoners.
• Correctional Administration is the study and practice of a system management of jails or prisons and other institution concerned with the custody, treatment, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.