HBG 10 ( Structure & FUnction of Lipids)

• The physiological functions of lipids in the body include energy sources, biosynthetic precursors, storage, transport, and membrane components.
• Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated, and their hydrophobicity can be measured.
• Essential fatty acids include omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids.
• Conjugated and non-conjugated fatty acids are two types of fatty acids.
• Arachidonic acid, prostaglandins, and other prostanoids are types of fatty acids.
• Mammals obtain fatty acids from the diet but can synthesise saturated and some monounsaturated fatty acids.
• Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature, have a low melting point, require less energy to disrupt the intermolecular forces between them, and are synthesised by plants and bacteria.
• Palmitoleic acid, the salt form, has a cis double bond which results in a bent chain and a lower melting point.
• The double bonds in an unsaturated fatty acid are not conjugated and are usually cis.
• An unsaturated fatty acid has one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in the chain.
• The first double bond in an unsaturated fatty acid is usually at the ninth carbon.
• Trans-unsaturated fatty acids are similar to saturated fatty acids.
• A nonpolar hydrophobic tail and a "polar" hydrophilic head are present in a fatty acid.
• Fatty acids can be named or designated by their total number of carbons and the number of double bonds, with the location of the double bond specified.
• The length of the hydrocarbon chain of fatty acids can be short (less than 6 carbon), medium (between 8 - 14 carbon), or long (between 16 - 24 carbon).
• Triacylglycerols are formed when all three alcohol groups of glycerol form esters with fatty acids.
• Essential fatty acids include 18:2 (n-6) and 18:3 (n-3), with sources including some vegetable oils, nuts, seeds.
• Prostanoids are a family of active lipid mediators that regulate inflammatory response, anaphylactic reactions, and are a subclass of Eicosanoids.
• Arachidonic acid is a 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid that involves in biological functions such as growth and is a precursor to numerous lipid mediators.
• The interest in fish oils was first kindled when someone thought to ask why the Eskimos of Greenland, who eat a diet very high in fat, have such a low rate of heart disease.
• Prostanoids are generated by the action of cyclooxygenase on arachidonic acid.
• Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish oils, offer a protective effect on health.
• At low concentration, prostaglandins have been shown to modulate a wide range of biologic activities including smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, gastric secretion, inflammatory response, response to trophic hormones, and sodium and water retention by kidney tubules.
• Eicosanoids are compounds related to arachidonic acid and include prostaglandins, prostacyclins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes.
• Prostaglandins are widely distributed in tissues, but their role is not fully understood.
• Nonessential fatty acids can be synthesised by the body, while essential fatty acids cannot and must be obtained from diet.
• Fatty acids are used in the production of aerospace components.
• Lauric acid (12:0) is a saturated fatty acid.
• Myristic acid (14:0) is a saturated fatty acid.
• Fatty acids are used in the production of building materials.
• Fatty acids are used in the production of explosives.
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids of general formula CH3(CH2)m(CH=CHCH2)x(CH2)nCOOH have systematic name, trivial name, and abbreviation as follows: 9,12 - octadecadienoic acid (linoleic acid, 18:2(n - 6)), 6,9,12 - octadecatrienoic acid (g - linolenic acid, 18:3(n - 6)), 8,11,14 - eicosatrienoic acid (dihomo - g - linolenic acid, 20:3(n - 6)), 5,8,11,14 - eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonic acid, 20:4(n - 6)), 4,7,10,13,16 - eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5(n - 3)), 9,12,15 - octadecatrienoic acid (a - linolenic acid, 18:3(n - 3)), Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5(n - 3)), Eicosapentaenoic acid (EP
• Fatty acids are used in the production of textile fibers.
• Saturated fatty acids of general formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH have systematic name, trivial name, and abbreviation as follows: ethanoic acid (2:0), butanoic acid (4:0), hexanoic acid (6:0), caproic acid (8:0), octanoic acid (8:0), caprylic acid (10:0), pelargonic acid (9:0), decanoic acid (10:0), undecanoic acid (11:0), dodecanoic acid (12:0), lauric acid (12:0), tridecanoic acid (13:0), tetradecanoic acid (14:0), myristic acid (14:0), pentadecanoic acid (15:0), hexadecanoic acid (16:0), palmitic acid (16:0), heptadecanoic acid (17:0), octadecanoic acid (18:0), stearic acid (18:0), nonadecanoic acid
• Linoleic acid (18:2, n - 6) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid.
• Fatty acids are used in the production of textiles.
• Some dietary fatty acids can be modified by adding 2C units and introducing some double bond.
• Fatty acids are used in the production of carpets.
• Palmitic acid (16:0) is a saturated fatty acid.
• Fatty acids are used in the production of leather goods.