Glucose Metabolism & Glycolysis

• What is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate?

  Glycolysis
• Arrange the phases of glucose metabolism in the correct order:

  1️⃣ Neurogenic phase

  2️⃣ Gastric phase

  3️⃣ Intestinal phase
• What initiates the neurogenic phase of glucose metabolism?

  Sight, smell, and taste
• Match the stomach zone with its location and function:

  Cardiac zone ↔️ Upper part near the esophagus

  Body ↔️ Main section where food is mixed

  Pyloric zone ↔️ Lower part connecting to the small intestine
• What organ produces digestive enzymes and hormones to regulate glucose metabolism?

  Pancreas
• What is the primary end product of glycolysis?

  Pyruvate
• Arrange the key steps in glycolysis in the correct order:

  1️⃣ Glucose is converted into glucose-6-phosphate

  2️⃣ Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerized to fructose-6-phosphate

  3️⃣ Fructose-6-phosphate is phosphorylated to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

  4️⃣ Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

  5️⃣ Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is oxidized and phosphorylated
• What other metabolic process is glycolysis closely linked to?

  Gluconeogenesis
• Which two substances are released during the gastric phase of glucose metabolism?

  HCl and gastrin
• What is the role of digestive enzymes during the intestinal phase?

  Break down food
• Match the hormone with its action and effect on blood glucose:

  Insulin ↔️ Enables glucose entry into cells

  Glucagon ↔️ Releases glucose from liver
• Which hormone helps lower blood glucose levels by allowing glucose to enter cells?

  Insulin
• Which enzyme catalyzes the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate?

  Phosphoglucose isomerase
• Which enzyme cleaves fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate?

  Aldolase
• How many ATP molecules are consumed during the energy-requiring phase of glycolysis?

  2
• Steps of the energy-requiring phase of glycolysis

  1️⃣ Phosphorylation of Glucose

  2️⃣ Isomerization of G6P

  3️⃣ Second Phosphorylation

  4️⃣ Cleavage of F1,6BP

  5️⃣ Isomerization of DHAP
• Which enzyme phosphorylates F6P to F1,6BP in glycolysis?

  PFK-1
• Which enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from 1,3-BPG to ADP?

  Phosphoglycerate kinase
• Steps of the energy-releasing phase of glycolysis

  1️⃣ Oxidation and Phosphorylation of G3P

  2️⃣ ATP Production by 1,3-BPG

  3️⃣ Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate

  4️⃣ Dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate

  5️⃣ ATP Production from PEP
• What is the net yield of ATP in glycolysis?

  2 ATP
• What is the end product of lactic acid fermentation?

  Lactic acid
• Match the liver function with its description:

  Glycogen Storage ↔️ Stores glucose as glycogen

  Gluconeogenesis ↔️ Converts non-carbohydrates to glucose

  Glycogenolysis ↔️ Breaks down glycogen to glucose

  Sugar Conversion ↔️ Converts galactose and fructose
• Steps of galactose metabolism

  1️⃣ Galactose is phosphorylated to Gal-1-P

  2️⃣ Gal-1-P is converted to Glc-1-P by GALT

  3️⃣ Glc-1-P is isomerized to Glc-6-P
• Which enzyme phosphorylates galactose to form galactose-1-phosphate?

  Galactokinase
• What are the two domains of PFK2 and their functions?

  Kinase and Phosphatase
• Compare glycolysis and gluconeogenesis:

  Glycolysis ↔️ Energy production

  Gluconeogenesis ↔️ Blood glucose maintenance

  Starting Material ↔️ Glucose

  End Product ↔️ Pyruvate