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• Anatomy is the study of body structure
• Physiology is the science of body functions
• The complementarity of structure and function
• Structure dictates function
• Structure mirrors functions
• Subdivisions of Anatomy:

  • Surface Anatomy: study of form and markings of the body surface, often explored through visualization or palpation
  • Gross Anatomy: study of anatomical structures visible to the unaided eye, can be studied by systematic approach (systemic anatomy) or regional approach (regional anatomy)
  • Developmental Anatomy: study of the fertilized egg developing into its adult form (e.g. embryology)
  • Histology: study of tissues
  • Cytology: study of individual cellular structures using a microscope
  • Pathology: study of anatomical changes due to diseases
• Clinical Connection:

  • Autopsy is a post-mortem examination of the body and internal organs performed by a pathologist
• Levels of Organization:

  • Subatomic Particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons
  • Atom: hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
  • Molecule: water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
  • Macromolecule: protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
  • Organelle: mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
  • Cell: muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
  • Tissue: epithelia, connective, muscle, and nerve
  • Organ: skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
  • Organ System: skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
  • Organism: the human
• Cell:

  • Basic structural and functional units of an organism
  • Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism
• Tissues:

  • Groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function
  • Epithelium
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscle
  • Nerves
• Organs:

  • Structures composed of two or more different types of tissues
  • All but the simplest forms of organs have all 4 basic tissues represented
• Organ systems work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions
• Major Body Organs (Nervous and Endocrine System):

  • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Thymus
• Major Body Organs (Cardiovascular System):

  • Lungs
  • Trachea
  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Inferior Vena Cava
  • Aorta
  • Heart
• Major Body Organs (Respiratory System):

  • The diaphragm is a powerful skeletal muscle that divides the thorax from the abdomen
• Major Body Organs (Digestive System):

  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
• Major Body Organs (Urinary System):

  • Kidneys
  • Urinary Bladder
• Major Body Organs (Male and Female Reproductive System):

  • Ovaries
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
  • Testes
• Digestive system:

  • Takes in nutrients, breaks them down and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)
• Respiratory system:

  • Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide
• Cardiovascular system:

  • Via the blood, distributes O2 and nutrients to all body cells and delivers waste and CO2 to disposable organs
• Integumentary system:

  • Protects the body as a whole from the external environment
• Urinary system:

  • Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions
• Interestitial Fluid:

  • Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid
• Subatomic particles

  • Atoms
  • Molecules
  • Macromolecules
  • Organelles
  • Cells
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organism
• ORGAN SYSTEM

  Integumentary System

  Skeletal System

  Muscular System

  Lymphatic System

  Respiratory System

  Digestive System

  Nervous System

  Endocrine System

  Cardiovascular System

  Urinary System

  Female Reproductive System

  Male Reproductive System