Bio

• Prokaryotes


  -no nucleus

  -dna is free floating

  -bacteria

  -simple:very few cell organella

  -first cells to exist
• Eukaryotes


  -has a nucleus with a membrane

  -dna inside nucleus

  -plants and animals

  -complex lots of organelles

  -cells came later, they evolved
• How many phases in the cell cycle

  4 phases
• During what phase does the size of the cell increase

  G1-gap 1
• During what phase does the number of cells increase

  Mitosis, M
• Prophase: the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division.
• Telophase: the fourth and final stage of mitotic cell division, following anaphase and preceding cytokinesis, during which the chromatin begins to disperse throughout the cytoplasm and the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes.
• Anaphase: the third stage of mitotic cell division, following metaphase and preceding telophase, during which the sister chromatids are separated into two daughter cells by the contraction of microtubules.
• Metaphase: the second stage of mitotic cell division, following prophase and preceding anaphase, during which the sister chromatids line up along the equatorial plane of the spindle apparatus.
• Interphase: the period between one cell division and the next, consisting of three stages (G1, S, G2) that prepare the cell for replication and division.
• The nucleus contains genetic material called DNA, which is organized into structures called chromosomes.
• In prophase, the chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane breaks down.
• Mitosis involves four distinct phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
• What phase of mitosis do you see the spindle fibers forming

  Prophase
• What phase of mitosis do the replicated chromosomes separate

  Anaphase
• What phase do you see the spindle fibers disappear

  Telophase
• What point during mitosis has the nuclear membrane reform

  Telophase
• What are three parts of a nucleotide

  Phosphate, Deoxyribose (Sugar) nitrogen base (A, T, G, C)
• What is the role of DNA helicase in the replication of DNA

  Splits apart the DNA strand of hydrogen bases
• Bacteria

  -can be treated with antibiotics

  -free, living cell that can live inside or out of body
• viruses

  -nonliving collection of molecules that need a host to survive, can’t be treated with antibiotics
• We are humans, but we are composed of trillions of human cells but also we are made of bacteria. these bacteria cover our entire skin and guts.
• Humans discovered antibiotics. They are produced from fungi and bacteria in nature, and were made to be medicines. When exposed to antibiotics, only the bacteria die, and the human cells remain unharmed, and the disease is cured, but some bacteria survive the antibiotic treatment.
• When a bunch of bacteria exists in the body, not all of them are the same. Some are already different. And some had a resistance to the bacteria. this is what we call, an antibiotic resistance-the resistance of some bacteria to antibiotics.
• how did the first different bacteria come from? Mutations that formed during mitosis.
• Each time we use antibiotics, we make these rare, random events more significant the bacteria that survive, then reproduce, and they spread resistance strain spread. This is called evolution of antibiotic resistance of the bacteria.
• how can we change things? make new drugs that don’t kill the bacteria.
• What can we do now? Limit the use of antibiotics, unless absolutely needed.
• virus


  Cannot see with naked eye, easily spreadable by hands and antibiotics cannot treat it can cause symptoms are not. Living cells are smaller Nina host to multiply vaccines can be used to prevent examples include the common cold.
• Bacteria


  Cannot see with naked eye, easily spreadable by hands can cause symptoms can survive on their own. Most are not harmful, and antibiotics can treat it our living cells. Examples include the ear infections, and strep throat.
• Vector transmission


  A virus that needs an intermediate organism to be transmitted from one type of host to another
• The cell cycle is made up of what two main parts


  Interphase and mitosis
• At the end of mitosis, if you start with 23 how many chromosomes are in each individual cell at the end?


  23 in each INDIVIDUAL CELL