3Q SCI

• What is DNA?

  • Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• What is RNA?

  • Ribonucleic Acid
• Packaged form of the DNA

  • Chromosomes
• DNA is made of chemical building blocks called?

  • Nucleotides
• 3 parts of the building blocks

  • Phosphate Group
  • Sugar Group
  • Types of Nitrogen Bases
• What is the 4 type of Nitrogen Bases?

  • Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
• Contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce.

  • DNA
• DNA is a macromolecule consisting of 2 strands that twists around a common axis in a shape called?

  • Double Helix
• Sugar in DNA

  • Deoxyribose
• Sugar in RNA

  • Ribose
• Pyrimidines (1 ring)

  • Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
• Purines (2 rings)

  • Adenine, guanine
• RNA uses ______ instead of Thymine.

  • Uracil
• Major working molecules within every organism

  • Proteins
• They catalyze reactions, transport oxygen and defend organisms from infection; they are the crucial building blocks of organisms

  • Protein
• Proteins are expressed from _____

  • Genes
• "Instruction manual" for constructimg protein

  • Gene
• Process of making protein

  • Gene Expression
• Gene expression has 2 main stages

  • Transcription and Translation
• Identify the start and end of a gene and read the DNA sequence

  • Transcription
• Permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene

  • Gene Mutation
• Inherited from a parent and are present throughout a person's life in virtually every cell in the body; also called the "Germ Line Mutations"

  • Hereditary Mutation
• Occurs at some time during a person's life and are present only in certain cells

  • Acquired or Somatic Mutation
• Mutations are based on..

  • Chromosome Structure
  • Chromose Numbers
  • Nucleotide Sequence
• Chromose structure

  • Translocation
  • Deletion
  • Duplication
  • Inversion
• Chromose number

  • Klinefelter Syndrome
  • Turner Syndrome
  • Metafemale
  • Down Syndrome
• Point Mutation; replacement of amino and glutamic acid with valine

  • Sickle Cell Anemia
• Purine to Pyrimidine or vice versa

  • Transverse Mutatiom
• • Adenine pairs with Thymine
  • Guanine pairs with Cytosine
• The base on each strand are joined to the bases on the other strand with hydrogen bonds, but different bases have different chemical structures.
• Genes are the specific sequence of nitrogenous bases that code for particular proteins or regulatory RNA molecules.
• mRNA molecules are transcribed later into Proteins.
• Proteins are made of large numbers of amino acida joined end to end. The chains fold to three dimension shape.
• Ribosome receives the mRNA molecule and starts to build a chain of amino acids thag exactly matches the instructions within the mRNA. Each codon tells the protein making machinery which amino acid to add next.

  • Translation
• Joining of a fragmented chromosome to a non humologous chromosome. Moves to a new position.

  • Translocation
• Breakage of a chromosome in which the genetic material becomes lost during cell diviaion.

  • Deletion
• Produced when extra copies of genes are generated on a chromosome.

  • Duplication
• Broken chromosome segment is reversed and inserted back into the chromosome.

  • Inversion
• 2n = 47, 44 autosome + XXY

  • Klinefelter Syndrome
• 2n = 45, 44 autosome + X

  • Turner Syndrome