LEC 3 CPH

• Two types of research studies:

  • Experimental Study:
  • Scientists control exposure and outcome of the trial, e.g., clinical trial studies
  • Exposure and outcome are controlled through randomization
  • Determines groups as exposed (medicines, vaccines, health programs) and not exposed (placebo group)
  • Observational Study:
  • Non-experimental with no randomization
  • Descriptive: describes the nature of the disease; phenomenological
  • Analytic: tests hypotheses for case control, based on proper research

  
• Characteristics of a case-control study:

  • Measures the impact/burden of the disease
  • Identifies how the disease affects the everyday lives of the community
  • Includes Point Prevalence and Period Prevalence
• Experimental and observational are two types of research studies

  
• Cross-Sectional

  • Measures the exposure and outcome
• Frequently used measures of morbidity show the numerator and denominator for each measure

  
• Odds ratio is a measure of association that quantifies the relationship between an exposure with two categories and health outcome
• Common terms in epidemiology:

  • Infective: capability to enter, survive, and multiply of a pathogen in its host
  • Virulence: extent of pathogenicity, directly proportional to severity, capacity and strength of the disease to produce fatal cases of the illness
  • Etiology: factors or causation of a disease
  • Antibiotics: substance produced by or a semisynthetic substance from a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism
• Health indicators are tools that objectively measure relevant information on different attributes of health status and performance of a health system

  • Reveals a situation that can help improve the health population
• Mortality indicators include infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, specific mortality rate, cause-of-death rate, PMR, CDR, CFR, and Swaroop’s index
• Behavioral risk factors indicators include prevalence of current adult smokers, insufficient physical activity, and excessive alcohol consumption
• Cohort

  • Starts from exposure to outcome
  • from present to future
• Open Cohort

  A cohort where you can incorporate different studies
• Temporal Relationship

  Established the exposure and the risk causing the disease

  • Evaluated and observed during a single time
• Incidence Competition

  How fast a disease travels through a period of time

  • Getting acute conditions of infections
• Association

  identifiable factors between the exposure and the disease
• Causation

  mechanism that leads from exposure to

  disease
• Infective

  Capability to enter, survive, and multiple of a

  pathogen in it’s host
• Virulence

  Extent of pathogenicity

  ■ Directly proportional to severity

  • Capacity and strength of the disease to produce fatal cases of the illness
• Etiology

  Factors or causation of a disease
• Antibiotics

  Substance produced by or a semisynthetic substance from a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microoganism
• Hyperendemic

  Beyond or above expected prevalence
• Holoendemic

  Prevalent diseases amongst children/early in life stages
• Epidemic

  Increasing number of cases within a geographical location
• Pandemic

  Worldwide epidemic, widespread across continents or countries
• Incidence

  Develop disease during a specific time period
• Description

  Identify and delve in the healthcare needs in a

  population and the disease burden in specific

  population groups
• Forecast and Prognosis

  Forecast disease/outbreaks burdens in the

  population
• Explanation

  Relation to social determinants of health