BIO EYY

• Gas exchange in plants includes stomata in leaves, lenticels in stems, root hairs in aerial roots, and pneumatophores or lateral roots of mangroves
• Heart


  The primary organ that pumps blood all through the body. Located between the lungs in the middle of the chest. Pumps blood through the network of arteries and veins known as the cardiovascular system
• The circulatory system, also known as the transport system, is required by any animal that is too large for nutrients to reach all cells by diffusion alone. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels (i.e. arteries, capillaries, and veins) and blood
• Gas exchange in humans takes place in the millions of alveoli in the lungs and the capillaries that envelope them
• The human circulatory system functions to transport blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the body
• Gas exchange


  Uptake of molecular oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide in the environment. It is often called respiratory exchange or respiration
• The right atrium takes in blood carrying carbon dioxide


  Blood is squeezed down into the right ventricle and taken to the lungs, where oxygen replaces carbon dioxide
• Blood is the medium of transport which is pumped
• Gas exchange in animals: Oxygen is taken in through special openings (like nostrils or gill clefts) into the respiratory organ. In animals, there is a respiratory organ (like lungs, gills, etc.) present within the body, where exchange of gases occurs
• The transport system allows the body to maintain a constant internal environment (homeostasis)
• Parts of the heart

  • Upper left (left atrium)
  • Upper right (right atrium)
  • Lower left (left ventricle)
  • Lower right (right ventricle)
• Respiratory organs


  • In plants and animals vary. These organs are specialized to perform an important role in gas exchange
• Main parts of the human circulatory system

  • The heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood
• Oxygen-carrying blood from the lungs enters the left atrium


  Blood is pumped into the left ventricle and starts its journey again throughout the body
• Blood carrying carbon dioxide

  Blood is squeezed down into the right ventricle and taken to the lungs, where oxygen replaces carbon dioxide
• Vein


  • Less muscular and stretchy than an artery, so blood moves through it with low pressure. It also has a special valve that helps blood go only one way (carries blood back towards the heart)
• Blood components


  • Plasma, Red blood cells, Platelets, White blood cells
• Plasma


  The fluid substance where different strong materials are suspended and moved about
• Blood vessels


  • Veins, Arteries, Capillaries
• Oxygen-carrying blood from the lungs

  Enters the left atrium
• Red blood cells and white blood cells


  Contain a pigment called hemoglobin which transports oxygen. They are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs all through the circulatory framework
• Artery


  • Thickest wall of all three, allowing it to withstand the high pressure created by the heart (carries blood away from the heart)
• White blood cells


  Contain a pigment called hemoglobin which transports oxygen. They are responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs all through the circulatory framework. Fights against germs and protect us from diseases. They are responsible for battling sickness in the body
• Blood pumped into the left ventricle


  Starts its journey again throughout the body
• Digestion


  The process of breaking down food (mechanical digestion and chemical digestion)
• Organisms dependent on the method of nourishment

  • Autotrophs, Heterotrophs
• Food you eat takes an incredible journey through your body from top (your mouth) to bottom (your anus)
• Autotrophs


  • Life forms that acquire energy from daylight and synthetics to create their own food. Examples: Plants; Chemosynthetic bacteria
• We need food to fuel our body for energy, growth, and repair. The digestive system converts food into their simplest forms, like glucose (sugars), amino acids (that make up protein) or fatty acids (that make up fats)
• Chemical digestion


  • The chemical breakdown (bonds are broken) of large, complex food molecules into smaller, simpler nutrient molecules that can be absorbed by body fluids (blood or lymph). This type of digestion begins in the mouth and continues in the stomach but occurs mainly in the small intestine
• Mechanical digestion


  • The physical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces. This type of digestion takes place mainly in the mouth and stomach
• Heterotrophs


  • Organisms that cannot make their own food and obtain their energy from other organisms. Examples: Animals, Fungi
• Capillary


  • Thinnest wall to allow substances such as oxygen and sugars to pass through its wall—into or out of the blood. Assists in the exchange of substances between the blood and tissues
• Platelets


  The fluid substance where different strong materials are suspended and moved about. The colorless blood cells. They stop bleeding by clumping and forming a plug in blood vessel injuries
• Blood is the medium of transport which is pumped by an organ called the heart
• Digestive system


  Has three main functions relating to food: Digestion of food, Absorption of nutrients from food, and Elimination of solid food waste
• Nutrition


  The process of taking in and using food. It is also a requirement for the growth and maintenance of an organism
• Main organs of the digestive system

  • Mouth
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small Intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Rectum
  • Anus
  • Pancreas
  • Gall Bladder
  • Liver
• Absorption


  Passage of digested nutrients and fluid across the tube wall into the body fluids, where cells absorb small molecules like amino acids and simple sugars
• Mouth and Esophagus


  Digestion begins in the mouth where food is ground up by the teeth and moistened with saliva to make it easy to swallow. Saliva contains enzymes that start breaking down carbohydrates into sugars. Muscular contractions of the esophagus then move the food down into the stomach