2.3

• Globalization in the early years of the 21st century has not displaced the state
• State

  A compulsory political organization with a centralized government that maintains a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain territory
• Nation


  An imagined political community, imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign
• Neoliberalism


  Intensification of the influence and dominance of capital
• Economic sovereignty


  The power of national governments to make decisions independently of those made by other governments
• Concepts of sovereignty

  • International Legal Sovereignty
  • Westphalian Sovereignty
  • Interdependence Sovereignty
  • Domestic Sovereignty
• Global economic trends are influenced by economic sovereignty of an individual member
• European integration


  The process of industrial, political, legal, economic, social, and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in Europe
• Stages of Economic Integration

  • Preferential trading area (PTA)
  • Free trade area
  • Customs union
  • Common market
  • Economic union
  • Economic and monetary union
  • Complete economic integration
• Political integration


  The integration of components within political systems
• Neo-functionalism


  The main driving forces of integration are interest group activity at the European and national levels, political party activity, and the role of governments and supranational institutions
• Intergovernmentalism


  A conceptual explanation of the European integration process
• Liberal Intergovernmentalism


  Developed by Andrew Moravsik in 1993 to explain European integration by applying rational institutionalism
• New Institutionalism


  Emphasizes the importance of institutions in the process of European integration, with key strands being rational choice, sociological, and historical
• Multi-level Governance (MLG)


  Defined as the dispersion of authority across multiple levels of political governance
• Transnational activism


  The mobilization of collective claims by actors located in more than one country and/or addressing more than one national government and/or international governmental organization or another international actor
• Social movement


  Refers to the organizational structures and strategies that empower oppressed populations to challenge and resist more powerful elites
• Global justice movement

  Advocates fair trade rules and opposes current institutions of global economics such as the World Trade Organization
• New transnational activism is as multifaceted as internationalism
• Social media


  A computer-based technology that facilitates the sharing of ideas and information and the building of virtual networks and communities
• Global governance institutions

  • United Nations
  • International Criminal Court
  • World Bank
• Global governance is a product of neo-liberal paradigm shifts in international political and economic relations
• Global governance


  A system in which all human beings are directly and democratically in control of their own local economies and polities, tends to involve institutionalization
• Institutions of global governance like the United Nations, the International Criminal Court, the World Bank, etc., tend to have limited or demarcated power to enforce compliance
• Types of International Organizations

  • Universal membership: UN, Bretton Woods institutions, World Trade Organization (WTO)
  • Limited membership: European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• Roles and Functions of the United Nations

  Promote international cooperation and create and maintain international order
• Five active organs of UN

  • General Assembly
  • Security Council
  • Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
  • International Court of Justice
  • Secretariat
• Four Main Purposes of the UN

  • Maintaining worldwide peace and security
  • Developing relations among nations
  • Fostering cooperation between nations to solve economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian international problems
  • Providing a forum for bringing countries together to meet the UN's purposes and goals
• UN faced five stages or main gaps in the 21st century: knowledge, norms, policy, institutions, and compliance
• Global governance is the sum of laws, norms, policies, and institutions that define, constitute, and mediate trans-border relations between various entities
• Problems afflicting the world today

  • Poverty
  • Environmental pollution
  • Economic crisis
  • Organized crime and terrorism
• Effects of greater economic and social interdependence

  • Call for a transfer of decisions to the international level
  • Require many decisions to be transferred to local levels of government due to an increase in the demand for participation
• Decision-making processes in globalization are complex and take place at various levels such as sub-national, national, and global, leading to the growth of a multilayered system of governance
• Guarantees by States through independent courts

  • Respect of human rights and justice
  • Promote the national welfare
  • Protect the general interest
• The State has roles in operating the intricate web of multilateral arrangements and intergovernmental regimes, entering into agreements with other States, making policies that shape national and global activities, and addressing the problem of capacity inadequacy of individual States