CRIM 3 week 1

• What is Behavior


  • Refers to the actions of an organism or system usually in relation to its environment
  • Response of the organism or system to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary
  • Anything that can be directly observed, measured, and repeated, examples include reading, crawling, singing, holding hands
• What is Human Behavior


  • Range of actions and mannerisms exhibited by humans in conjunction with their environment, responding to various stimuli or inputs, whether internal or external, conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary
  • Influenced by many factors
• What is Human Development


  • Process of a person’s growth and maturation throughout their lifespan
  • Concerned with the creation of an environment where people are able to develop their full potential, while leading productive and creative lives in accordance with their interests and needs
  • About the expansion of choices people have in order to lead lives they value
• Four Pillars of Human Development


  • Equity - idea that every person has the right to education and health care, fairness for all
  • Sustainability - every person has the right to earn a living that can sustain them, access to goods evenly distributed
  • Production - people need more efficient social programs introduced by their governments
  • Empowerment - people who are powerless, such as women, need to be given power
• Theories of Child Human Development


  • Personality Theory - Psychoanalytic (Sigmund Freud)
  • ID - allows us to get our basic needs met, based on the pleasure principle, selfish, pleasure-oriented part of the personality
  • EGO - meets the needs of the id, taking into account the constraints of reality, moderator between id and superego
  • SUPEREGO - develops during the phallic stage as a result of moral constraints placed by parents, serves to inhibit biological instincts of the id
• Ego and superego seek compromises to pacify both, viewed as our "sense of time and place"
• Superego (Conscience of Man)


  • Develops during the phallic stage as a result of the moral constraints placed on us by our parents
  • A strong superego serves to inhibit the biological instincts of the id resulting in a high level of guilt, whereas a weak superego allows the id more expression resulting in a low level of guilt
  • Superego internalizes society and parental standards of "good" and "bad", "right" and "wrong"
• Level of Awareness (by Sigmund Freud)
• Level of Awareness

  1. Conscious Level consists of sensations and experiences you are aware of at a given moment of time

  2. Preconscious Level encompasses all experiences that are not conscious at that moment but can easily be retrieved into awareness

  3. Unconscious Level is the deepest and major stratum of the human mind, storehouse for primitive instinctual drives, emotion, and memories that are repressed
• Psychosexual Stages (by Freud)


  1. Oral Stage (0-18 Months) - infant's source of id gratification is the mouth

  2. Anal Stage (18 Months - 3 Years) - conflict between id and superego, control of bodily functions

  3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years) - genitals become the primary source of pleasure, development of sexual attraction to the parent of the opposite sex

  4. Latency Stage (6-11 years) - sexual interest is relatively inactive, sexual energy is going through the process of sublimation
• Tommy’s boy

  Refers to a boy who has a close relationship with his mother
• Electra Complex


  Refers to girls experiencing an intense emotional attachment for their fathers
• Latency Stage (6-11 years)


  Sexual interest is relatively inactive, sexual energy is converted into interest in schoolwork, riding bicycles, playing house, and sports
• Genitals Stage (11 years on)


  1. Start of puberty and genital stage

  2. Renewed interest in obtaining sexual pleasure through the genitals

  3. Masturbation often becomes frequent and leads to orgasm for the first time

  4. Sexual and romantic interests in others become a central motive, turning to heterosexual relationships
• Freud Psychosexual Theory: 'We are born with two basic instincts: Eros (sex drives, hunger, thirst) and Thanatos (striving for death, destructive motives like hostility and aggression)'
• TRAIT


  Characteristics of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling
• Cardinal Trait - dominates and shape a person's behavior
• Central Trait - General Characteristics
• Secondary Trait - It is seen only in circumstances.
• Common Traits - personality that are shared by.
• Individual Traits - person's unique individual qualities
• Extrovert - Person that is Sociable
• Introvert person that is withdrawn.
• Emotionally Unstable - trait that is being anxious, excited