STS Mid

• Martin Heidegger


  Most important philosophers of the 20th century

  His work focused on ontology or the study of 'being' or Dasein in German.
• Instrumental Definition


  Technology is a means to an end

  Technology is an instrument aimed at getting things done.
• Anthropological Definition


  - Technology is a human activity
• Anthropological Definition


  The production or invention of technological equipment, tools and machines, and the products and

  inventions and the purpose and functions they serve are what define technology.
• Revealing


  means that technological things have their own novel kind of presence, endurance, and connections among parts and wholes
• revealing

  They have their own way of presenting themselves and the world in which they operate.
• Heidegger


  stressed that the true can only be pursued through the correct. Simply, what is correct leads to what is true.
• Heidegger


  envisioned technology as a way of revealing - a mode of bringing forth
• Bringing forth


  Can be understood through the Ancient Greek philosophical concept "Poiesis" which refers to act of bringing something into unconcealment
• Poiesis


  which refers to act of bringing something into unconcealment
• Aletheia


  Unconcealment or disclosure or truth.
• Technology is a form of poiesis

  way of revealing that unconceals aletheia (truth)
• In Philosophy, techne


  resembles the term episteme that refers to the human ability to make or perform. It encompasses knowledge and understanding.
• In Art, techne


  refers to tangible and intangible aspects of life.
• The Greeks, techne


  the way that it encompasses not only craft but other acts of mind, and poetry.
• Technology as Poiesis

  The essence of modern technology

  Not a bringing forth
• POIESIS


  the activity in which a person brings something into being that did not exist before
• POIESIS


  - is etymologically derived from an ancient Greek term which means to make.
• Modern Technology


  Both primitive crafts and modern technology are revealing
• Modern Technology


  But the revealing of modern technology is not a bringing forth, but a challenging-forth.
• Modern Technolog


  It challenges nature, by extracting something from it and transforming it, storing up, distributing it, etc.
• modern technology


  Unlocks and exposes (Physics sets nature up)
• Bestand


  standing reserve which is far more than simply reserves that one happiness to have on hand
• Bestand


  means "stock", "holdings", "assets", or the term
• The Standing-Reserve


  -Modern technology takes all of nature to stand in reserve for its exploitation

  - Man is challenged to do this, and as such he become a part of the standing reserve

  - Man becomes the instrument of technology, to be exploited in the ordering of nature.
• The Standing-Reserve


  the world has been framed as well as the standing reserve"

  -is active in the case of a river once it generates electricity or the earth if revealed as a coal mining district or the soil as a mineral deposit.
• enframing

  The challenge of this revealing is called
• ENFRAMING


  means that way of revealing that holds sway in the essence of modern technology and that it is itself not technological
• ENFRAMING


  is as if nature is put in a box or in a frame so that it can be better understood and controlled according to people's desires
• GESTELL


  literally framing
• GESTELL


  describes what lies behind or beneath modern technology
• . Art as a way of Enframing

  Enframing as the mode of revealing in modern technology, tends to block poiesis
• Causality


  the idea that something can cause another thing to happen or exist
• Material Cause

  causa materialis
• Formal Cause

  causa formalis
• Final Cause

  causa finalis
• Efficient Cause

  causa efficiens
• German


  Ursache, Latin, Causa, Greek aition
• The four Causes:

  Didactic Illustration
• Silver


  causa materials