P.R 1-2

• Inquiry


  The process of looking for information by asking questions
• Inquiry


  • Requires the execution of various thinking strategies that range from lower-higher order thinking skills
  • Only requires the procedure of asking questions to prove a certain point
• Research


  A process that deals with science, experiments, and collection of data
• The Scientific Method


  1. Identifying the problem

  2. Gathering data

  3. Making theories/hypotheses

  4. Analyzing data

  5. Drawing conclusions
• Qualitative research


  • Expressed in words, used to understand concepts, thoughts, or experiences
  • Enables you to gather in-depth insights on topics that are not well understood
  • Common qualitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions, observation described in words, and literature reviews that explore concepts and theories
• Addoh and Eboh (2014) and Coghan (2014) state that the qualitative approach gives you the license or premium to access people's thinking or the words of 'others'
• Quantitative research


  • Expressed by numbers and graphs, used to test or confirm theories and assumptions
  • Can be used to establish generalizable facts about a topic
  • Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as numbers (experimental) with close-ended questions
  • Seeks to find answers to questions beginning with "how many, how much, how long, how well", to what extent and how are characteristics of attributes described
• Experimental research design


  • Able to manipulate variables and subjects to identify a cause-effect relationship
  • Interventions or treatments are involved
• Quasi-experimental research design


  • Seeks to establish a cause and effect between two variables
  • Does not manipulate the independent variable
  • Control groups are identified and exposed to the variable
  • Results are compared with results from groups not exposed to the variable
  • Control the variable
• True experimental research design

  • Use the scientific method to establish a cause-effect relationship among a group of variables
  • Make an effort to control for all variables except one being manipulated
  • The effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are collected and analyzed
• Non-experimental research design


  • A way of finding out the truth about a participant by describing the collected data
  • Interventions or treatments are not involved
• Descriptive research design


  • Seeks to describe the current status of a variable or phenomenon
  • The researcher does not begin with a hypothesis, but typically develops one after the data is collected
  • Mostly observational in nature
  • Involves the use of frequency count, percentage, Likert scale, mean, and standard deviation
• Correlational research design


  • Explores the relationship between variables using statistical analyses
  • Does not look for cause-effect and the force is also mostly observational in terms of data collection
• Literature review


  • A written summary of journals, articles, books, and other documents that describes the past and current state of information on your research study
  • Researchers conduct a literature review as a step in the research process
• The research process (six-step by Creswell, 2012)

  1. Identifying a research problem

  2. Reviewing the literature

  3. Selecting participant or sample

  4. Collecting data

  5. Analyzing and interpreting data

  6. Reporting and evaluating research
• Sources for research


  • Books and textbook materials
  • Periodical: abstract
  • Encyclopedia
  • Hard copies and guides
  • Special dictionaries
  • Dissertations and theses
  • Internet (oatd.org or mendeley.com)
• Inquiry


  The process of looking for information by asking questions
• Inquiry


  • Requires the execution of various thinking strategies that range from lower-higher order thinking skills
  • Only requires the procedure of asking questions to prove a certain point
• Research


  A process that deals with science, experiments, and collection of data
• The Scientific Method


  1. Identifying the problem

  2. Gathering data

  3. Making theories/hypotheses

  4. Analyzing data

  5. Drawing conclusions
• Qualitative research


  • Expressed in words, used to understand concepts, thoughts, or experiences
  • Enables you to gather in-depth insights on topics that are not well understood
  • Common qualitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions, observation described in words, and literature reviews that explore concepts and theories
• Addoh and Eboh (2014) and Coghan (2014): 'This approach gives you the license or premium to access people's thinking or the words of 'others''
• Quantitative research


  • Expressed by numbers and graphs, used to test or confirm theories and assumptions
  • Can be used to establish generalizable facts about a topic
  • Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations recorded as numbers (experimental) with close-ended questions
• Experimental research design


  • Able to manipulate variables and subjects to identify a cause-effect relationship
  • Interventions or treatments are involved
• Quasi-experimental research design


  • Seeks to establish a cause and effect between two variables
  • Does not manipulate the independent variable
  • Control groups are identified and exposed to the variable
  • Results are compared with results from groups not exposed to the variable
  • Control the variable
• True experimental research design

  • Use the scientific method to establish a cause-effect relationship among a group of variables
  • Make an effort to control for all variables except one being manipulated
  • The effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable are collected and analyzed
• Non-experimental research design


  • A way of finding out the truth about a participant by describing the collected data
  • Interventions or treatments are not involved
• Descriptive research


  • Seeks to describe the current status of a variable or phenomenon
  • The researcher does not begin with a hypothesis, but typically develops one after the data is collected
  • Mostly observational in nature
  • Involves the use of frequency count, percentage, Likert scale, mean, and standard deviation
• Correlational research


  • Explores the relationship between variables using statistical analyses
  • Does not look for cause-effect and the force is also mostly observational in terms of data collection
• Literature review


  • A written summary of journals, articles, books, and other documents that describes the past and current state of information on your research study
  • Researchers conduct a literature review as a step in the research process
• Sources for research


  • Books and textbook materials
  • Periodical: abstract
  • Encyclopedia
  • Hard copies and guides
  • Special dictionaries
  • Dissertations and theses
  • Internet (oatd.org or mendeley.com)
• The research process has six steps: identifying a research problem, reviewing the literature, selecting participant or sample, collecting data, analyzing and interpreting data, reporting and evaluating research