Sci

• Matter


  Anything that has mass and occupies space
• Democritus


  • All matter composed of atoms in void
  • Atoms were indivisible and indestructible
  • Properties of atom differ in shape, arrangement and sizes
  • Shape of atom determined the substance properties
• John Dalton


  • Developed a theory to explain why the elements in a compound always join in the same way
  • Proposed explanations for many of the known laws describing the behavior of matter
  • Dalton's theory states "All matter is made up of individual particles called atoms, which cannot be divided."
• Particles that make up matter

  • Atoms
  • Molecules
  • Ions
• Atom


  The smallest particle of an element that has all properties of the element
• Molecule


  A neutral particle that consists of two or more atoms which are chemically bonded together
• Ion


  A positively charged or negatively charged particle
• Particle Nature of Matter Theory

  • Matter is composed of tiny particles
  • Particles of matter are constantly moving
  • The particles of matter have spaces between them
  • The particles of matter attract each other
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solid


  • Rigid and have definite shapes
• Liquid


  • The individual particles are confined to a given volume
• Gas


  • Much less dense than liquids and solids
• Plasma


  A fourth state of matter that does not naturally occur on Earth
• Properties of solids


  • Fixed shape and fixed volume
  • Cannot be compressed much
  • High densities
  • Do not fill their container completely
  • Do not flow
• Properties of liquids


  • Fixed volume but no fixed shape
  • Cannot be compressed much
  • Moderate to high densities
  • Do not fill their container completely
  • Generally flow
• Properties of gases


  • Neither fixed shape nor fixed volume
  • Can be compressed easily
  • Very low densities
  • Fill their container completely
  • Flow easily
• Pangenes


  Aristotle's concept of hereditary factors
• Blood carries the pangenes

  To the reproductive organs
• Blood is involved in inheritance
• "Blood relative" and "bloodline"
• Genetics


  The scientific study of heredity
• Gregor Mendel


  • Augustinian monk
  • Cross-bred pea (Pisum sativum) plants with different characteristics
  • Observations led to laws regarding the transmission of hereditary characteristics from generation to generation
• Mendel's experiments


  1. Produced hybrid pea plants

  2. Hybrid is an organism that receives different genetic information for a trait from each parent
• Mendel published the results of his experiments


  1865
• Monohybrid crosses


  • Mendel did similar crosses with a total of 7 pairs of traits
  • One trait seemed to disappear in the F1 generation, only to reappear unchanged in 1/4 of the F2 generations
• Rule of unit factor

  • Each organism has two alleles for each trait
  • Alleles are different forms of the same gene
  • Genes are located on chromosomes, they control how an organism develops
• Mendel's pea plants


  • Two alleles for tallness
  • Two alleles for shortness
  • 1 allele for tallness and 1 allele for shortness
• Rule of dominance


  • The trait that is observed in the offspring is the DOMINANT trait
  • The trait that disappears in the offspring is the RECESSIVE trait
• Alleles


  • B=Brown
  • b=blue
• Law of dominance


  • Hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype
  • The alleles that are suppressed are called the recessive traits
  • The alleles that determine the trait are known as the dormant traits
• Law of independent assortment


  • Pair of traits segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation
  • Different traits get equal opportunity to occur together
• Law of segregation


  During the production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent
• Punnett square


  • A grid for organizing genetic information
  • Used to predict the results of a genetic cross
  • Shows probabilities, not actual results
• Using a Punnett square

  1. Determine the alleles in the gametes of the parents

  2. Place the alleles of the gametes of one parent along the top of the grid and those of the other parent along the left side

  3. Combine the alleles inside the boxes of the Punnett square

  4. Determine the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring inside the boxes
• Monohybrid crosses


  • P generation: Green pod (GG) x Yellow pod (gg)
  • F1 generation: Genotype Gg