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• Age of Enlightenment


  Turbulent era where various eventualities such as the American War, French Revolution, and Industrial Revolution took place
• French Revolution (1789-1799)


  One of the bloodiest in modern history. Causes: Economic Problems, Social Problems, Political Problems
• Early 1800s when social science was used as a term by William Thompson, an Irish political and philosophical writer
• Social Science


  The study of society
• Social Sciences


  • Provides tools necessary in the understanding of the world around us
  • Engaged in the study of phenomena relating to human groups and their sociophysical environment
• Social science


  • Involves the scientific processes
  • Inquires about the social space
• Pure Social Sciences


  Knowledge and truth are its emphases, excluding the practical side. More on testing new techniques based on theoretical research. More on acquiring or contributing to new knowledge
• Applied Social Sciences


  Focuses more on exploring possible solutions to a problem emanating from society. Provide new data and observations, which will help formulate theories and derivate new perspectives. It is anything that was a product of fieldwork that aims to provide the basis for pure social sciences to test the relevance of the theories they have using
• Anthropology


  Began during the 19th century in the West, merely studying humanity. Anthropology is from the Greek words Anthropos (man) and logia (study). It elucidates everything about man, both biologically and evolutionary past, to ways of life and traditions that they uphold. Anthropologists focus more on typical characteristics – how and why such people and their factors vary throughout the ages. Overall, it studies human beings' behavior as individual members of society
• Economics


  This discipline was, at first, aims to study the allocation of resources within the household level. The term economics was from the Greek words oikos (house) and nomos (custom or law), referring to rules implemented in the household to ensure its efficient management
• Geography


  The Greek term geography means "to describe the Earth". It concerns a wide scope of topics, such as from spatial patterns of human occupancy to the interaction between people and their habitat
• History


  Traditionally regarded as the study of the recorded past. It came from the Greek noun "historia", which means learning. Other sources state historia as "knowledge acquired by investigation"
• Primary Source


  A testimony of an eyewitness or an account of someone who has firsthand information on the subject (rewritten, recopied, or a translated version of original)
• Secondary Source


  A secondary source simply uses primary materials as the source of information
• Linguistics


  Interdisciplinary in nature, intersecting the humanities with the social sciences as it requires on the basic element that allows societies to communicate ideas across time and space. The term was derived from the Latin word lingua, which refers to the language. Since the late 500's, individuals who study language have been called linguists
• Political Science


  The term "political" was derived from the Greek word polis, which means a "city-state," which the Greeks pioneered. On the other hand, the term ciencia means knowledge or study
• Psychology


  Ology (study) and psyche (soul) are the two Latin words in which psychology was derived. These terms mean the study of the soul or mind. Psychology is the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes
• Sociology


  The term sociology was coined by the French Philosopher Auguste Comte, who was considered the Father of Sociology, coined the term sociologie a combination of the Greek words socius, which means "companionship" or "friendship". The suffix –ology, which means the "the study of." thus, sociology is simply defined as "the study of society". Sociology as a discipline has the following basic concepts: it inquires into social behavior and historical development of social institutions; it uses of empirical methods to investigate the different facets and functions of the society
• Demography


  The term demography comes from the Greek words demos (people) and graphia (a description of). It is basically about describing people
• Natural Science aims to predict all natural phenomena and its studies are based on experimentally controlled condition of material entities. The natural sciences include three primary field of inquiry: Chemistry, Biology, Physics
• Humanism


  Seeks to understand "human reactions to events and the meanings humans impose on experience as a function of culture, historical era, and life history'
• Modernity


  Promoted man as the center of everything. It became the incipient of a society advocating individualism. For the Westerners, the concept of modernity equates with the word "civilization," while on the other hand, tradition is encapsulated with "primitivism". Modernity brought the so-called social ills that plunged society into trouble with the relentless effort of change and progress inherent in capitalism. Among those problems that became prevalent was the idea of "class," where people are categorized based on their socioeconomic status
• Structural-functionalism


  A sociological theory that revolves around the notion that a society is composed of a system of interconnected parts that have their own particular functions. It was developed by Talcott Parsons in the 1930s under the influence of the works of Max Weber and Emile Durkheim
• Social Structure


  Patterns of social relationships between groups or individuals. Examples of social structure: family, government, religion, education and economy
• Auguste Comte


  Provided an analysis of social evolution through his Law of Three Stages. Provided a theory of society and man's cognitive progression from religious and abstract concepts to perspective. His ideas are considered as the precursor to Structural-functionalism
• Herbert Spencer


  Known as the first sociological functionalist. Compared society to the human body. Each social structure, just like a body part, has a purpose and function in the overall well-being of the society. Spencer's Evolutionary Model
• Talcott Parsons


  American sociologist. One of the primary contributors to the development of structural functionalism. Identified the different systems which make up the structure of the society
• Cultural System


  The structure that the society generated throughout history so that people can socialize and live together as community
• Social System


  Understood as the roles people have in society
• Personality System


  Refers to how individuals affect society through their personalities, attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and other characteristics
• Behavioral or Biological System

  The physical body of the individual and the environment where he or she lives in
• Dysfunction


  Any action or behavior that has negative consequences for a group or society; an effect of structures that fosters social instability
• Marxism


  A sociological, political, and economic philosophy that is based on the ideas and theories of Karl Marx (1818 – 1883)
• Social Inequality


  In capitalist society, oppression and exploitation are among the social inequalities that exist between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Marx argued that the profit should be equally divided among the laborers since they are the ones who work to produce such goods
• Class Conflict


  Class conflict or class struggle arises from the oppression of the proletariat by the bourgeosie. Such oppression happens whenever a society has a stratified and hierarchical class division, and it is more evident in a capitalist society, where the manipulative force of capitalism creates tension between the classes
• Psychoanalysis


  It was developed by Sigmund Freud, known as psychoanalytic theory. Freud theorized three levels of consciousness and three components of the personality structure

  
• Psychoanalytic Theory


  The role of the mind is something that Freud repeatedly talked about because he believed that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces. Unconscious desires motivate people to act accordingly. The id, ego, and superego are three aspects of the mind, Freud believed to make up a person's personality. Freud believed people are "simply actors in the drama of [their] own minds, pushed by desire, pulled by coincidence. Underneath the surface, our personalities represent the power struggle going on deep within us"
• Rational Choice Theory


  An economic theory used in framing individual behavior to predict personal preferences and choices. Moreover, using this theory, outcomes provide people with the most significant benefit and satisfaction given their options. It is used to understand people and behavior. Human acts maximize their outcomes, and that is to get the most benefit and profit from their actions
• Institutionalism


  The institutionalist perspective uses various definitions to understand the phenomenon within a certain context. Institutions are patterns, routines, norms, rules, and schemes that govern and direct social thought and action. Institutionalism is an approach to analyze how actions and thoughts penetrate into an individual's social consciousness into the social psyche. Its concern is to determine the effects of institutions' policies and to know how it affects the societal functions
• Feminism


  Studies gender and its relation to power, and the dynamics these two concepts play out in economics, politics, sexuality, race, and nationality, among others. It is both a sociological perspective and a philosophy that aims to promote gender equality, social justice, and women's right