the blood system

• }Plasma- straw coloured fluid that transports formed elements

   

  }Within the plasma are formed elements:

  }Erythrocytes  - red blood cells (RBC)

  }Platelets  -Thrombocytes

  }Leucocytes - White Blood Cells (WBC)

  }Monocytes - Type of white blood cell responsible for bacteria, virus and fungi

  }Neutrophils The type of white blood cells that lead the immune system’s response to threats in the body.

  }Lymphocytes the type of white blood cells that produce b and t cells

   

  }Haemoglobin is a protein within the RBC which binds to oxygen

   

  }Complete the activity and identify blood composition and function

   
• Function of The Blood and Blood Cells

  Blood is a specialised body fluid. It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many different functions, including:

  1.transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues

  2.forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss

  3.carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection

  4.bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood

  5.regulating body temperature
• Cardiovascular system

  }The vascular system relates to the blood, circulatory vessels and its transport.

   

  }Blood vessels act as a transport network for the blood

   

  }There is about 5.5 litres of blood continuously circulating through the body, via the pulmonary and systemic circulation

   

  }Blood vessels vary in thickness and structural composition depending on their function
• Function of The Blood and Blood Cells

  Blood is a specialised body fluid. It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many different functions, including:

  1.transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues

  2.forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss

  3.carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection

  4.bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood

  5.regulating body temperature

   
• • Supply of oxygen to tissues
  • Supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids
  • Removal of waste such as carbon dioxide, urea, and lactic acid
  • Immunological functions, including circulation of white blood cells, and detection of foreign material by antibodies
  • Coagulation, the response to a broken blood vessel, the conversion of blood from a liquid to a semi-solid gel to stop bleeding.
  • Messenger functions, including the transport of hormones and the signaling of tissue damage
  • Regulation of body ph
  • Regulation of core body temperature
  • Hydraulic functions
• Thermoregulation = ability to maintain the required body temperature despite the external conditions

   

  Vasoconstriction= narrowing of blood vessels- smooth muscle contracts

   

  }Vasodilation= widening of blood vessels- smooth muscle relaxes
• 🞂The vascular system relates to the blood, circulatory vessels and its transport.

   

  🞂Blood vessels act as a transport network for the blood

   

  🞂There is about 5.5 litres of blood continuously circulating through the body, via the pulmonary and systemic circulation

   

  🞂Blood vessels vary in thickness and structural composition depending on their function
• Arteries

  🞂Arterioles

  🞂Veins

  🞂Venules 

  🞂Capillaries
• overview

  Vein - brings blood toward the

  heart

  Capillaries - allow for diffusion of substances from the bloodstream to the tissues and vice versa

  Arteries - bring blood away from the heart
• Capillarisation -

  🞂Development of capillary network to part of the body

  🞂Aerobic training improves capillarisation of heart and skeletal muscle by increasing number and density of capillaries. 

  🞂Capillary bed- high density groups of capillaries forming a network
• ARTERIES AND VEINS

  
• An artery is an elastic blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart. This is the opposite function of veins, which transport blood to the heart. Arteries are components of the cardiovascular system. This system circulates nutrients to and removes waste material from the cells of the body.

   

   
•  

  There are two main types of arteries: pulmonary arteries and systemic arteries. Pulmonary arteries carry blood from the heart to the lungs where the blood picks up oxygen. The oxygen-rich blood is then returned to the heart via thepulmonary veins. Systemic arteries deliver blood to the rest of the body. Theaorta is the main systemic artery and the largest artery of the body. It originates from the heart and branches out into smaller arteries which supply blood to the head region (brachiocephalic artery), the heart itself (coronary arteries), and the lower regions of the body.
• Vein, in human physiology, any of the vessels that, with four exceptions, carry oxygen-depleted blood to the right upper chamber (atrium) of the heart. The four exceptions—the pulmonary veins—transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left upper chamber of the heart. The oxygen-depleted blood transported by most veins is collected from the networks of microscopic vessels called capillaries by thread-sized veins called venules.
• ARTERIES VS ATERIOLES

  
• • Smallest arteries-"resistance arteries"
  • THICK tunica media- little
  • compliance
  • Diameter controlled by
  • local factors (intrinsic) andsympathetic division(extrinsic) and long-termfactors (hormones)
  • Metarterioles- justupstream of capillary beds.
  • Precapillary sphincters-
  • controls blood reachingcapillary bed.
• The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together

  to form veins.
• Blood pressure readings have two numbers, for example 140/90mmHg.

   

  The top number is your systolic blood pressure. (The highest pressure when your heart beats and pushes the blood round your body.) The bottom one is your diastolic blood pressure. (The lowest pressure when your heart relaxes between beats.)

  The blood pressure chart on the next page shows ranges of high, low and healthy blood pressure readings.
• Blood pressure


  The hydrostatic pressure in the arteries
• Blood pressure near the heart

  • Very high
• Blood flow to arterioles

  Rate of flow is slowed by the narrow openings of the arterioles
• Systolic pressure


  The peak pressure in the arteries during the cardiac cycle
• Diastolic pressure


  The lowest pressure at the resting phase of the cardiac cycle
• During systole


  New blood is entering the arteries, the artery walls stretch to accommodate the increase of pressure of the extra blood
• During diastole


  The walls return to normal because of their elastic properties
• The lymphatic system works with the cardiovascular system and are part of the circulatory system. 

  •It carries the lymph fluid inside lymphatic vessels which are like capillaries. 

  •It is a clear liquid and is actually recycled blood plasma that seeps through blood vessels. 

  •The role of lymph fluid in our body is very important and so you need to know what is actually is and how is it formed.
• Lymph System

  The lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels, lymph nodes and the lymph fluid itself. The lymph is not a closed system and is free flowing. 

  The lymph fluid is formed when the blood plasma excretes out of the capillaries through capillary filtration. 

  This plasma is roughly 20 liters, of which 17 liters is absorbed back into the blood vessels. The remaining 3 liters is known as lymph and the lymph system carries it so that it can be absorbed back into the main blood stream.
• Lymph Fluid
• So the lymph fluid is actually the fluid running between the blood capillaries. It is actually the seeped blood plasma. The fluid is also known as the interstitial fluid that is present in the interstices of body tissues. Although the lymph fluid is plasma diffused from blood capillaries, it might differ slightly in composition. It has white blood cells and also lymphocytes
• Formation of lymph fluid

  1. Blood at high pressure at arterial side of heart

  2. Plasma diffuses into environment around capillaries due to pressure

  3. Diffused liquid becomes lymph fluid

  4. Lymph fluid returns to capillaries at venous side when pressure is low
• Diffusion


  Process where plasma travels from regions of high concentration to regions of lower concentration
• At arterial side


  Concentration is high inside capillaries, so plasma travels outside
• At venous side


  Concentration drops inside capillaries, so lymph fluid enters back
• Transport of lymph fluid

  1. Lymph vessels transport lymph fluid to lymph nodes

  2. At lymph nodes, bacteria are destroyed

  3. Lymph fluid eventually enters circulation by draining into subclavian vein
• ANSWER HOW BLOOD PLASMA BECOMES LYMPH

  
• STRUCTURE OF AN ARTERY VERUSES A VEIN AND CAPILLARY

  
• Hydrostatic pressure


  The pressure exerted by a fluid pumped by the heart
• Oncotic pressure (osmotic pressure)


  The pressure exerted by the small particles that cannot diffuse into the capillaries - white blood cells and red blood cells - and because of this they are suspended in the fluid, which increases the osmotic pressure
• Fluid movement in the body

  1. Heart pumping exerts hydrostatic pressure

  2. Hydrostatic pressure results in sucking and pulling of water out of tissues as blood is pumped through arteries

  3. At some point in circulation (arteries-capillaries-veins) blood loses pressure

  4. Oncotic pressure in surrounding tissues begins to have more control of water movement out of blood and tissues

  5. Balanced system
• Lymphatic fluid is also created during this process