theories of personality

• personality - originated from the latin word persona which referred to theoretical mask worn by roman actor in greek dramas
• traits contribute to individual difference in behavior,consistency of behavior over time, stability of behavior across the situation
• characteristic- are unique qualities of an individual that include such attribute as temperament, physique, intelligence
• scientific theory- is a set of related assumption that allows scientist to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate a hypothesis
• psychodynamic theories- focused on the importance of the childhood experience and relationship of the parents as guiding forces that shaped personality development.
• humanistic-existential theories- currently known as "positive psychology" the primary approach is that people strive toward meaning ,growth well being happiness and psychological health.
• dispositional theories- argue that the unique long tern tendencies to behave in particular way are the essence of our persoality.
• bioligical- evolotionary theories- emphasize that what we think, feel and do is always an interaction between nature(biological) snd nurture(environment)
• learning social cognitive theories- focuses only on behavior not on hyphothetical and unobservable internal state such as thoughts, feeling ,drive,motives( all behavior are learned through association and or its consequences
• conscious- it can be defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given point in the time.
• preconscious- level of the mind contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become consious.
• unconsious- contain all those drivers,urgers,or instinct that are beyond our awareness ,itmotivate most of our words, feeling and actions
• id- pleasure principle, present at birth, core personality and completely unconsious, sole function is to seek pleasure.
• eros- life instinct , help the individual to survive respiration eating and sex
• eros- life instinct , help the individual to survive respiration eating and sex
• thanatos- death instinct viewed as a set of destructive force in all human, can be expressed as an act of violence or regression.
• ego- develop around 2-3 years old, reality principle, in contact with reality the decision making or the executive branch of personality partly consious pre conscious
• super ego- develop around age of 5, moralistic and idealistic principle .
• guilt, the result when the ego acts or even intends to act contrary to the moral standard of the superego
• conscience- results from experiences with punishment for improper behavior ,tell us what we should doand not do.
• ego ideal- develop from experience with rewards for proper behavior , tell us what we should do
• ego ideal- develop from experience with rewards for proper behavior , tell us what we should do
• drives- german word for trieb(refer to a drive or a stimulus with the person), operates as a constant motivational force
• libido- sex drives
• sex- aim is pleasure , but not limited to genital satisfaction. freud believed that the entire body is invested with libido.
• erogenous zones- the mouth and the anus are specially capale of producing sexual pleasure..
• narcissism- infant are primarily self-centered with their libido invested almost exclusively in their own ego. this condition which is universal, is known as primarly narcissism
• secondary narcissism- self love that occurs later in life and occurs when the libido is withdrawn form the object and centered on the self.
• love- develop when people invest their libido on an object or person othertha themselves
• sadism- the need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person.
• masochism- experience sexual pleasure from suffering pain and humiliation by themselves or by others.
• aggression- aim of the drives is to return the organism to an inorganic states.
• anxiety - a felt unpleasant state accompanied by physical sensation that warn the person against impending danger
• neurotic anxiety - the threat that unacceptable id impulse will break through and can be acted on by any individual.
• moralistic anxiety- would result from sexual temptation if a child believes that yielding to temptation would be morally wrong
• realistic anxiety- anxiety in response to an indentifiable threat or danger , response to threat and or perception of genuine risk in external world.
• free association- the verbalization of every thought that comes to the patients mind no matter how irrelevant or repugent
• dream analysis- used by freud to transform manifest content of dreams to the more important latent content, the investigation of repressed emotion that can be expressed in dreams
• manifest content- it is the surface meaning or the conscious description given by the dreamer.
• latent content- refers to its unconsious material