enphomorph

• Phonetics


  Belongs to descriptive linguistics, studies production of speech sounds (articulatory phonetics), physical transmission of the speech sounds (acoustic phonetics), and reception and perception of the speech sounds (auditory phonetics) of sound, does not study one particular language
• Phonology


  Belongs to theoretical linguistics, Studies different patterns of sounds in different languages, Can study one specific language
• Differences between Phonetics and Phonology

  • Phonetics - Study of speech sounds, Descriptive linguistics
  • Phonology - Study of speech sounds used in a language, Theoretical linguistics
• Phoneme - An ideal sound unit with a complete set of articulatory gesture, The basic theoretical unit for describing how speech conveys linguistic meaning, About 42 phonemes in English
• Allophone


  One of the set of multiple possible spoken sounds or phones used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language
• Phone


  The actual sounds that are produced in speaking, Monophones, biphones, triphones - Sequence of one, two, and three phones, respectively
• The sound t and d change when they are sandwich between vowel sounds
• Sound and Spelling Inconsistencies in the English Language

  • The same letter does not always represent the same sound
  • The same sound is not always represented by the same letter
  • Some letters are not pronounced at all
  • We pronounce sounds in some places where there is no letter
• Same letter, different sounds

  • /s/ as in sat, song, summer
  • /z/ as in busy, cousin, asian
  • /S/ as in mission, sure, sugar
  • /ჳ/
• Same sound, different letters

  • The velar plosive /g/ is spelt g as in gat, bag, go etc., gg as in juggle, begged, gh as in ghost, aghast
  • The labio-dental fricative /f/ is also spelt as: f in the words fit, leaf, soft, after, ff in the words offer, affair, stiff, gh in the word laughter, ough in the words cough, rough, ph in the words photo, trophy, graph
• Silent letters


  • Silent B as in numb, womb, debt, doubt
  • Silent C as in muscle, scene, science, abscess
  • Silent D as in handsome, handkerchief, wednesday
  • Silent G as in gnome, sign, reign, feign, diaphragm
  • Silent H as in hour, honest, heir, exhaust, exhibit, shepherd
  • Silent K as in know, knight, knee, knife, knowledge
  • Silent L as in could, would, should, calf, behalf, psalm
  • Silent M as in mnemonics
  • Silent N as in hymn, solemn, condemn, column
  • Silent P as in psychology, pneumonia, pseudo, cupboard, empty
  • Silent T as in listen, often, castle, wrestle, rapport, ballet, christmas
  • Silent U as in guess, quest, guard, guide,colleague, guinea, vague
  • Silent W as in: wretched, wrestling, wrinkle, wrong, who
• Inserted sound with no representation


  • Use /ju:z/, Cute /kju:t/, Cube /kju:b/
• Variants of the plural and past tense morpheme


  • Books /buks, Cows /kauz/, Rushes /r∫Iz/, Begged /begd/, Looked /lukt/, Painted /peIntId/
• Phonetics


  Deals with speech sounds themselves, how they are made (articulatory phonetics), how they perceived (auditory phonetics), and the physics involved (acoustic phonetics), The surface manifestation of spoken language
• Phonology


  Deals with how these speech sounds are organized into systems for each individual language, The abstract system organizing the surface sounds and gestures
• Phonetics and phonology are only accidentally connected
• Generative grammar


  A linguistic theory that regards grammar as a system of rules that generates exactly those combinations of words that form grammatical sentences in a given language, Noam Chomsky first used the term in relation to the theoretical linguistics of grammar that he developed in the late 1950s, Complete description in a language
• Linguists are not interested in prescriptive grammar
• Grammar

  Rules of a language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and the other elements, as well as their combination and interpretation
• Generative


  Used to describe linguistic theories or models which are based on the idea that a single set of rules can explain how all the possible sentences of a language are formed
• Competence


  The idealized unconscious knowledge a speaker has of the organization of his or her language
• Performance


  The actual use of language
• 1. Oral cavity 2. Nasal cavity 3. Lips - labial 3a. Upper lip 3b. Lower lip 4. Teeth - dental 5. Alveolar ridge - alveolar 6. Palate - palatal 7. Velum - velar 8. Uvula - uvula 9. Pharynx - pharyngeal 10. Tongue tip 11. Tongue blade 12. Tongue front (tongue body) 13. Tongue back (tongue body) 14. Tongue root.