Soc Sci

• As human race multiplied and as excavations discovered and pieced together the story of man, questions on the differences of man in different parts of the earth were brought up
• The theories behind the differences and changes on man's appearances and ways are being questioned
• The assumption that all living things were separately created remained unchanged until scientists challenged it
• Prehistoric periods


  • Paleolithic Age
  • Mesolithic Age
  • Neolithic Age
  • Metal Age
• Paleolithic Age


  • Early people used their intelligence to develop technology
  • Technology refers to a group's skill in using tools
  • Tools made man's survival easier
• Important achievements in human history during the Paleolithic Age


  • Invention of stone tools
  • Use of fire
  • Growth of language
• Paleolithic


  From the Greek words "palaios" (old) and "litho" (stone)
• Paleolithic people


  • They did not have permanent home
  • They walked erect and had the physical characteristics of a human being
  • They hunted for food
• Characteristics that made early humans different from animals

  • Ability to use hands to make tools and hold weapons
  • Ability to speak, transmit and receive information
  • Possession of a larger brain that made them more intelligent
• Mesolithic Age


  Transition from Old Stone Age to the New Stone Age
• During the Mesolithic periods, there were changes in climatic conditions that forced man and animals to adapt to new environment and conditions
• Animals became smaller in size, enabling them to move faster, so man had to develop lighter tools to aid them in hunting
• Hunting and gathering of plants continued to be the main source of food until they began to store food in storages for later consumption
• Archeological findings and wall paintings proved that domestication of animals, specifically dogs, was the main development of this period
• Neolithic Age


  The New Stone Age, began 10,000 years ago
• Developments during the Neolithic Age


  • Man made more polished stone tools
  • They made potteries
  • They started to cultivate crops
• The growth of population and agricultural revolution were believed to be caused by the change in climate, with rising temperatures providing longer growing seasons
• Developments during the Neolithic Age

  • Man learned to polish his tools to a fine edge and sharp points
  • Man discovered the importance of settling down in villages, domesticating animals, and planting their own food
  • Man settled in permanent homes and started to build furniture, make potteries, and weave clothing
  • More people lived together and formed communities, leading to the creation of rules, laws, and organized governments
  • Man began to develop shared ways of doing things, which is called culture
• Metal Age


  The period marked by the use of iron implements, tools and weapons
• The extensive use of iron coincided with the changes in agricultural practices and other changes in society such as religious beliefs and arts
• The creation of iron implements was credited to the Hittites of Anatolia in 1200 BCE
• The transition from hunting and gathering to farming and herding took place in many places, proving that early humans had migrated in many parts of the world
• Examples of early village settlements

  • Jarmo in West Asia (presently Iraq)
  • Catal Huyuk (Presently in Turkey)
  • Jericho
• Asikli is a village believed to be about 1000 years older than Catal Huyuk
• Catal Huyuk is a Neolithic town located in South Central Turkey, with a city layout that does not show traces of streets but very evident structure of brick houses positioned alongside each other, with passage into the houses through an opening on the roof
• Catal Huyuk was located between two volcanoes and was known for its abundant obsidian products and dark volcanic rock used to make mirrors, jewelries, and knives
• The excavation of Catal Huyuk revealed illustrated wall paintings of animals, hunting scenes, erupting volcano, and hunters slaying wild cattle's and other wild animals
• Artifacts found at the Catal Huyuk site include stone beads, grinding equipment, native copper, lead beads and ground obsidian mirrors
• Artifact


  An object produced or shaped by human skill, such as a tool, weapon, or ornament of archeological or historical interest
• Periods of human evolution and development

  • Paleolithic
  • Mesolithic
  • Neolithic
  • Metal Age
• The earliest men appeared during the Stone Age, living by hunting, gathering and making use of crude tools
• The Neolithic Age ushered in a new way of life for man, with farming and herding enabling them to settle in permanent homes and form communities
• Recent discoveries about humans made scientists believe that early humans evolved and had lived in communities and groups during the Neolithic Age
• Neolithic Revolution


  The transition from hunting and gathering to farming and herding
• The far-reaching results produced by the Neolithic Revolution became the basis of modern civilization
• As the society was able to produce more food through farming, it supported more people, leading to the building of villages and cities, and the creation of local laws and regulations
• With the continued increase in population, life became complex in the communities, leading to the growth of various classes of people
• The change from the nomadic hunting-gathering way of life to that of settled village life, and then to city life, was a gradual process that spanned several generations
• As man lived in villages, they learned to cultivate more lands and produce more yields, leading to food surpluses and the emergence of traders, craftsmen, and different social classes
• With the development of different tasks and traders, a more complex social structure emerged, affecting the social, economic, and political life of man