ten

• Hydrometeorological hazards


  Caused by extreme meteorological and climate events such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes, or landslides. They account for a dominant fraction of natural hazards and occur in all regions of the world
• Hydrometeorology


  A branch of meteorology and hydrology that studies the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere
• Typhoon


  A low-pressure area rotating counterclockwise and containing rising warm air that forms over warm water in the western Pacific Ocean
• Thunderstorm


  A weather condition that produces lightning and thunder, heavy rainfall from cumulonimbus clouds and possibly a tornado. It is a violent local atmospheric disturbance accompanied by lightning, thunder, and heavy rain, and often by strong gusts of wind, and sometimes by hail
• Flash flood


  An event that occurs within a short period of time, generally within 6 hours following the end of the causative event (such as heavy rains, ice jams, or dam breaks) which result in fatalities, injuries, and/or significant damage to property
• Flood


  An overflow of water onto normally dry land. It is an event that occurs after 6 hours following the end of a causative event. It is a longer-term event than flash flooding; it may last days or weeks
• Storm surge


  A rise of seawater above normal sea level on the coast, generated by the action of weather elements such as cyclonic wind and atmospheric pressure
• El Niño


  Refers to the large-scale ocean-atmosphere climate interaction linked to a periodic warming in sea surface temperatures across the central and east-central equatorial Pacific
• La Niña


  It is sometimes referred to as the cold phase of ENSO and El Niño as the warm phase of ENSO. These deviations from normal surface temperatures can have large-scale impacts not only on ocean processes, but also on global weather and climate
• The 1982-1983 El Nino was the strongest and the most devastating of the century, perhaps in the world history
• The event was blamed for between 1300 to 2000 deaths and more than 13 billion dollars in damage to property and livelihoods
• Hazard


  Any source that can cause harm or damage to humans, property, or the environment
• Tools for monitoring hydrometeorological hazards

  • Barograph
  • Thermograph
  • Ceiling light projector
  • Clinometer
  • Ceiling balloon
  • 8-inch raingauge
  • Theodolite
  • Sling psychrometer
  • Radiosonde
• Barograph


  A barometer with a writing arm that records barometric pressure, which rises and falls on a revolving scroll of paper
• Thermograph


  An instrument that measures and records both temperature and humidity
• Ceiling light projector


  An instrument that projects light beam to the clouds
• Clinometer


  Determines the height of the cloud base by measuring the distance of the cloud base to the ground
• Ceiling balloon


  Also called the pilot ballot or pibal, a balloon filled with hydrogen or other gas lighter than air, which used to determine the height of the cloud base of clouds above ground level during daylight hours
• 1. inch raingauge


  So called because the inside diameter of the collector is exactly 8 inches above a funnel that conducts rain into a cylindrical measuring tube or receiver
• Theodolite


  An instrument that determines wind speed and direction. It is attached to a hydrogen-filled pilot balloon and is allowed to float in the atmosphere at different heights to reach its different levels
• Sling psychrometer


  Consists of a dry and wet bulb thermometer. The term bulb refers to that portion of the glass tube where the mercury is stored. The dry and wet bulbs are exactly alike in construction
• Radiosonde


  It is used to measure temperature, pressure, and relative humidity in the atmosphere. A small instrument package that is suspended below a balloon filled with either hydrogen or helium
• Fire triangle


  Oxygen, heat, and fuel
• Fire tetrahedron


  Oxygen, heat, fuel, and chemical reaction
• Fire


  A rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. Fire is hot because the conversion of the weak double bond in molecular oxygen, O2 to the stronger bonds in the combustion products carbon dioxide and water releases energy (418 Kj per 32g of O2)
• Flame


  Consist primarily of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen, and nitrogen. If hot enough, the gases may become ionized to produce plasma
• Class A fire


  Fires involving solids. This type of fuel could be paper and cardboard, common in offices and manufacturing. This is one of the common types of fire because solids are the most common type of fuel and one that is hard to eliminate. The only type of fire extinguisher you should use is the water extinguisher. This is the most common type of fire extinguisher because it can handle most fires involving solids
• Class B fire


  Fires involving liquids. According to statistics, 2010/11 flammable liquids accounted only 2% of fired, but a massive 21% of fatalities. These fires are rare but more deadly than other types of fire. Foam or powder extinguisher are the best types of extinguishers to attack this type of fire
• Class C fire


  Fires involving gases. This could be natural gas, LPG or other types of gases forming a flammable or explosive atmosphere. The best type of fire extinguisher to put out the fire only the supply of gas is cut off, is a dry powder extinguisher
• Class D fire


  Fires involving metals. Some types of metal can be, like sodium. Metals are also good conductors, helping a fire spread. All metals will soften and melt at high temperature, which can be a big problem when metal joists and columns are present in a fire as structural elements. Dry powder extinguisher
• Electrical fires


  Are not given their own full classes, as they can fall into any of the classifications. After all it is not the electricity burning but surrounding material that has been set alight by the electric current. Carbon dioxide, and dry powder extinguisher
• Class F/K fire


  Deep fat frying and spillages of flammable oils near to heat sources in kitchens can result in a Class F fire. Wet chemical extinguisher
• Using a fire extinguisher


  1. Pull the pin

  2. Hold the extinguisher with the nozzle pointing away from you and release the locking mechanism

  3. Aim low - point the extinguisher at the base of the fire

  4. Squeeze the lever slowly and evenly

  5. Sweep the nozzle from side to side
• Disaster risk reduction (DRR)

  A term used for reducing and preventing disaster risks. DRR seeks to lessen the harm caused by natural disasters including earthquakes, floods, droughts, and cyclones through an ethnic prevention
• Principles of DRR


  • Developments can either increase or decrease disaster
  • DRR policy, laws and regulations will not save lives unless correctly implemented in communities
  • The community is the front line of disaster risk management
  • DRR is not a stand alone activity—it cuts across almost all categories of human activity
  • Integrating DRR at the national, provincial
• FTER ALL IT IS NOT THE ELECTRICITY BURNING BUT SURROUNDING MATERIAL THAT HAS BEEN SET ALIGHT BY THE ELECTRIC CURRENT. CARBON DIOXIDE, AND DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHER.
• Class F/K


  Deep fat frying and spillages of flammable oils near to heat sources in kitchens can result in a class F fire
• Pull the pin


  Hold the extinguisher with the nozzle pointing away from you and release the locking mechanism
• Aim low


  Point the extinguisher at the base of the fire
• Squeeze the lever


  Slowly and evenly