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• The science that deals with the study of human population size, composition, and distribution in space

  DEMOGRAPHY
• Aspects of demography

  • Population Size
  • Population Composition
  • Spatial Distribution
• An official and periodic enumeration of the population

  census
• Assigning people in a census

  1. De jure - people assigned to place they usually live

  2. De facto - people assigned to place they are physically present
• A collection of data from a sample of a given population

  Sample survey
• 
  

  Collected by Civil Registrars' office, deal with recording vital events in the community

  Registration systems

• Births, deaths, marriages, divorces

  Vital events

• Graphical presentation of the age and sex composition of the population

  Population pyramid
• Illustrates the proportion of the people living in urban compared to rural areas

  Urban-rural distribution
• Dividing the number of persons in a household with the number of rooms used by the family for sleeping. A high crowding index gives implication to the ease by which a communicable disease will be transmitted from one host to another susceptible host in the household.

  Crowding index
• Vital statistics


  A tool for estimating the extent or magnitude of health needs and problems in the community. Through vital statistical indicators, the nurse is able to describe the health status of the people which serves as the basis for developing, implementing and evaluating programs and intervention strategies.
• Uses of vital statistics


  • Indices of the health and illness status of a community
  • Serves as bases for planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating community health nursing programs and services
• Statistics


  Refer to the systematic approach of obtaining, organizing and analysing numerical facts so that conclusion may be drawn
• Morbidity and mortality statistics


  Indicate the state of health of a community and the success or failure of health work
• Health indicators


  • Access to health programs and facilities
  • Availability of health resources (facilitates, health manpower, finances)
  • Cases consulting a health provider (%)
  • Infants exclusively breast-fed for the first 6 months (%)
  • Children fully vaccinated (%)
  • People using treated bednets (%)
  • Level and distribution of economic wealth
  • Types and levels of employment
  • School enrolment and adult literacy
  • Availability and distribution of food supplies
  • Quantity of suspended particulate matter and portability of water
  • Indicators of restricted activity
  • Indicators of long-term disability
  • Allocation of manpower and financial resources
  • Mechanism for community participation
  • Collaboration between government and non-government organizations
  • Equity in the distribution of resources among special target groups
  • Availability of a public policy statement and health plan
• Epidemiology


  The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the prevention and control of health problems
• Components of epidemiology


  • Surveillance
  • Observation
  • Hypothesis testing
  • Analytic research
  • Experiments
• Distribution


  Refers to an analysis by time, places, and classes of people affected
• Determinants


  Include biological, chemical, physical, social, cultural, economic, genetic, and behavioral factors that influence health
• Health-related states or events


  Refer to diseases, causes of death, behaviors such as the use of tobacco, positive health states, reactions to preventive regimens, and, provision and use of health services
• Specified populations


  Include those with identifiable characteristics such as occupational groups
• Application to prevention and control


  The aim of public health is to promote, protect, and restore good health
• Patterns of disease occurrence


  • Sporadic
  • Endemic
  • Epidemic (outbreak)
  • Pandemic
• Triad of disease causation


  Factors that interact to cause a disease
• Components of triad of disease causation


  • Agent
  • Host
  • Environment
• Populations


  • Those with identifiable characteristics such as occupational groups
• Patterns of Disease Occurrence


  • Sporadic - on-and-off attack of the disease
  • Endemic - constantly present in a certain locality
  • Epidemic (outbreak) - the number of cases exceeds the normal number of cases for a short period
  • Pandemic - worldwide epidemic
• Triad of Disease Causation or the Epidemiologic Triad


  Factors that interact to cause a disease
• Three Factors/ Components


  • Agent
  • Host
  • Environment
• Agent


  Intrinsic property of microorganisms to survive and multiply in the environment to produce disease
• Characteristics of Agent


  • Infectivity - ability to enter the human body and to move into tissues
  • Virulence - strength, potency, or power of the agent to cause a disease
  • Antigenicity - ability to stimulate an antibody response
  • Pathogenicity - ability to cause infection or disease
• Host


  The area where the agent gets its nourishment (e.g. humans, animals, plants, soil, water, air, milk, and fomites)
• Three-component of the Environment

  • Physical environment - composed of the inanimate surroundings such as the geophysical conditions of the climate
  • Biological environment - makes up the living things around us such as plants and animal life
  • Socio-economic environment - may be in the form of the level of economic development of the community, presence of social disruptions, and the like
• Disease Outbreak


  The occurrence of cases of the disease over what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area, or season
• Outbreak Investigation


  1. Operationally define what constitutes a case

  2. Identify the cases

  3. Verify the existence of an outbreak

  4. Establish the descriptive epidemiologic features of the cases

  5. Record the clinical manifestations of cases

  6. Formulate a hypothesis regarding the probable etiologic agent, the sources of infection, the mode of transmission, and the best approach for controlling the outbreak

  7. Test the hypotheses by collecting relevant specimens

  8. Implement prevention and control measures

  9. Disseminate the findings of the investigation
• Stages of Diseases


  • Incubation period - a period from the first exposure to the causative agent to the appearance of the first signs and symptoms
  • Prodromal period (catarrhal period) - a period from the appearance of the first signs and symptoms to the appearance of the pathognomonic sign
  • Stage of Illness - a manifestation of all signs and symptoms of the disease
  • Convalescence - stage of recovery
• Community Assessment


  Data needed to be collected depends on the objectives of community assessment. In general, the nurse needs to collect data on the nurse needs to collect data on three categories of community health: Determinants - people, place, and social system
• Primary Data/Sources


  • Observation - data collection is done through the use of the sensory capacities- sight, hearing, smell, and touch
  • Physical Examination - this done through inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, measurements of specific body parts, and reviewing the body systems
  • Interview - one type of interview is completing a health history for each family member
  • Community forum - (e.g. "pulong–pulong sa barangay" and focus group)
• Secondary Data/Sources


  • Laboratory/Diagnostic Tests - another method of data collection is through performing laboratory tests, diagnostic procedures, or other tests of integrity and functions carried by the nurse or other health workers
  • Record Review (Health records and reports) - the nurse may gather information by reviewing existing records and reports pertinent to the client
  • Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS) - a network of information intended to address the short-term needs of DOH and LGU staff with managerial or supervisory functions in facilities and program areas
  • Registry of vital events - Act 3753 (civil registry law, Philippine legislature) established the civil registry system in the Philippines and requires the registration of vital events such as births, marriages, and death
  • Disease Registries - a listing of persons diagnosed with a type of disease in a defined population
  • Census data - a periodic governmental enumeration, of the population
• Methods to present Community Data

  • Bar graphs - to compare values across different categories
  • Line graph - to have a visual image of trends in data over time or age
  • Pie chart - to show the percentage distribution or composition of a variable such as population or households
  • Scatter plot or diagram - to show a correlation between two variables