Hhh

• Formalist Criticism


  An approach that regards literature as "a unique form of human knowledge that needs to be examined on its own terms." Primarily looks at the structural purposes of the text without taking into account any outside influence.
• Elements of a short story

  1. Characters (flat, round etc.)

  2. Setting (time, place)

  3. Plot (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, denouement)

  4. Theme (war, poverty, love affair)

  5. Figurative language (metaphor, simile, hyperbole)

  6. Symbolism

  7. Point of view
• Biographical Criticism


  Begins with the insight that literature is written by actual people and that understanding an author's life can help readers more thoroughly comprehend the work.
• Gender Criticism


  Examines how sexual identity influences the creation of the literary text.
• Masculinist Approach


  • Advocated by poet Robert Bly, focuses on the desire to work with men's issues and yields to the political conviction that feminism does not fit with the facts.
• Feminist Approach


  • Attempts to correct the imbalance of sexes by analyzing and combating the patriarchal attitudes that have dominated western thought.
• Psychological Criticism


  A criticism in which the method, the concept, or the form of the material is influenced by psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud, exploring areas like wish fulfillment, sexuality, the unconscious and repression.
• Sociological Criticism


  Evaluates a literary piece in the cultural, economic, and political context that explores the linkage between the author and his society.
• Sociological Criticism - Marxist


  • Highlights the economic and political elements of art, focusing on the ideological content of literature.
• Moral/Philosophical Approach


  Focuses on themes, views of the world, morality, philosophies of the author and the like, for the purpose of teaching morality and investigating philosophical issues.
• Mythological Criticism


  Explores the artist's common humanity by tracing how the individual imagination uses myths and symbols common to different cultures and epochs.
• Archetype


  A symbol, character, situation, or image that evokes a deep universal response.
• Position Paper


  In an academic and professional setting, the opportunity for learners to put into writing their opinions regarding an issue.
• Position Paper


  • Ideas should be thoroughly examined
  • Address all sides of the issue
  • Take one side of the argument and convince readers that you have well-founded knowledge on the issue
  • Support claims with evidence to guarantee validity of contentions
• Types of Evidence


  • Factual knowledge
  • Statistical inferences
  • Informed opinion
  • Personal testimony
• Concept Paper


  A summary of a project or an issue that depicts the interests, experiences, and expertise of the writer, providing an in-depth analysis and discussion of a topic that the writer has a strong position on.
• How to Write Concept Papers

  1. Rationale

  2. Conceptual framework

  3. Mind map

  4. Hypothesis
• Principles in Writing a Survey Field Report

  • Focus
  • Connection
  • Respect
  • Action
  • Engagement
• How to Write a Good Survey Questionnaire

  1. Speak the Language of your Respondents

  2. Keep it Simple

  3. Consider "Balance, not Bias" in Drafting your Questions
• Fixed Alternate Question


  Gives choices or alternatives for the respondent to choose.
• Open Ended Question


  Provides the respondents to freely answer the question.
• Factual knowledge


  refers to the information that is valid and justifi able.
• Statistical inferences 


  which are conclusions derived from gathered data.
• Informed opinion 


  based on knowledge of facts which are carefully considered
• Personal testimony 


  considered as first hand experience of the writer.
• Rationale


  explains the purpose why you need to undertake a thesis proposal.
• Conceptual framework 


  asically your guide in working on your idea
• Mind map


  is just a list of words associated with your idea
• Hypothesis 


  expected output in the course of conducting your study that you have derived after having your conceptual framework you prepared.
• Focus


  This is the fi rst principle that a researcher should consider in writing his questionnair
• Connection


  depends on how well you connect with your respondents.
• Respect


  it is necessary that you show respect for your respondents’ time. Make it certain that you are not asking too much from them.
• Action


  reason why you are doing the survey is you want to take some kind of action or make a relevant decision after you do the survey
• Engagement 


  sums up the other four principles.