Mutations

• Mutation is a change in nucleotide base sequence of a genome which it is a rare situation
• Mutation in natural occurring mutation, almost always deleterious
• Mutation is rarely lead to a protein which improves ability of an organism and its descendents to survive and reproduce
• The 2 types of mutation of gene are Frameshift and Point mutation
• Point Mutation refers to one base pair is affected by deletion, insertion, and substitution
• Frameshift mutation refers to a nucleotide triplets after the mutation displaced by deletion and insertion
• The 5 types of effect in mutation are silent mutation, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frameshift insertion, and frameshift deletion
• Silent mutation is a mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein
• Missense mutation alters protein function by changing the amino acid sequence of the protein
• Nonsense mutation results in a stop codon being read and the protein is not produced
• Frameshift insertion refers to the addition of extra nucleotides that alters the reading frame
• Frameshift deletion refers to the loss of one or more nucleotides from the DNA sequence, leading to a shift in the reading frame during translation
• Mutants are new genetic character differ from other organism due to fail in DNA repair which results of the descendents of cell
• Wild types are cells normally found in nature and can't mutate
• 4 types of DNA repair are light repair, dark repair, base-excision repair, and mismatch repair.
• Light repair is a process where photolyases uses light energy to repair UV-induced DNA damage such as thymine dimer which breaks the double bond.
• Dark repair is a process where an enzyme repair UV-induced DNA damage without light by DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase which add new nucleotides and ligate the damage specific base sequence
• Base-excision repair is a process that fixed single damage in which specific enzyme remove damage or incorrect bases, then other enzyme will add/fill the gap where damage located. It involve DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase
• Mismatch repair is a process that fixed mispaired base in which specific enzyme complexes recognize and correct mispaired bases which facilitate by DNA Polymerase III
• The 2 types of radiation are ionizing and non ionizing radiation
• The 3 types of chemical mutagens are nucleotide analogs, nucleotide-altering chemical, and frameshift mutagens
• Ionizing Radiation induces/influencing breaks in chromosomes
• Non-ionizing Radiation induced/influencing pyrimidine dimers
• Nucleotide Analogs disrupt DNA or RNA replication and cause point mutation
• Nucleotide-Altering Chemicals result in base-pair substitution mutation and missense mutation
• Frameshift Mutation result in nonsense mutation
• The 2 types of mutagens are radiation and chemical mutagens