Bonding

• Relative atomic mass:


  -the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

  • This is the weighted average which takes into account all isotope of the element
• Relative molecular mass:

  -the number of protons and neutrons in a molecule
• Relative formula mass:

  -the number of protons and neutrons in a formula

  • This is different from RMM as some chemical don't form molecules
• What is empirical formula?


  When a formula gets simplified to its smallest form
• What substance is involved in covalent bonding?


  Non-metals
• What have the electrons in metallic bonding changed to?

  Delocalised
• What happens to atoms in covalent bonding?

  They share a number of electrons between them
• What is ionic bonding?

  The electrostatic attraction between a positive and negative ions
• What is covalent bonding?

  covalent bonding is the bonds that form when atoms share Electrons and it happens between two or more non-metals
• What can covalent bonds make?

  simple molecular substances, larger structures such as polymers and giant covalent structurers.
• what are the properties of simple molecular substances?

  they have a low boiling and melting point, they have weak intermolecular , don't create lattice structures, form discrete molecules, often gas and liquid at room temperature
• what are the properties of giant covalent structures?

  they have a high boiling and melting points, made up of lots of atoms and they have complex structures, create lattice structures
• What is metallic bonding?

  metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between the positive ions and the delocalised electrons

  
• what is ionic bonding?

  ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative ions
• describe the process of ionic bonding.

  the metal gives one of its electrons in its outer shell to the non metal and this is so they can both have complete outer shells . this leads to the metal becoming a positive ion and the non metal becoming a negative ion. the ions then develop a electro static attraction and this is called an ionic bond
• Describe the process of covalent bonding?

  there are two non-metal atoms and both need to gain atoms in order for their outer shell to be full so both of them share certain amount of atoms so that both of them can have full shells. this forms a bond and it si called a covalent bond and they are very strong
• name the properties metal elements?

  shiny, usually have a high melting and boiling point, solid, malleable ,ductile and good conductors of heat and electricity
• name the properties of Non - metal elements ?

  dull, usually have a low melting and boiling point, half are solid and half are gas , brittle , non-ductile and poor conductors of heat and electricity
• what are the 4 types of diagrams to show atoms?

  1.dot and cross

  2. ball and stick

  3.3d model

  4.displayed formula
• polymers :


  they are made up of repeating units called monomers (amino acids making proteins is an example of a polymer)