Medicine Through time

• Who invented and what were the four humours?

  Hippocrates blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm
• What was the theory of opposites and who invented it?

  Galen. Every imbalance of the humours was linked to a symptom. e.x runny nose associated with increase of phlegm. Treat this with warm drinks to "cancel out" cold of winter.
• What were the four main ideas for causes of disease in the middle ages?

  Miasma, Astrology, Four Humours, God and religious reasons.
• What were some treatments and preventions during the middle ages?


  Colourful flowers, herbs, nice smells, cleaning and overall hygiene to stop Miasma. Urine charts done by physicians. Attempting to balance the humours by bloodletting and leeching.

  Praying constantly.

  Regimen Sanitatis, basic instructions from physician to stay healthy, included hygiene and eating healthily, only rich could afford.
• How many hospitals were built by 1500 in England and who ran them?


  1.5K, Ran by Church, nuns and monks.
• How long did a medical degree take in the middle ages?

  7-10 Years.
• Why did people use apothecaries?


  They sold herbal remedies and were much cheaper than physicians.
• How did the monks and nuns treat their patients?


  Regularly changed their bed sheets, fed healthy food. Idea of "care not cure" However people with contagious diseases weren't allowed in.
• Who ran universities in the middle ages?

  The Church
• Whilst physicians trained at University, who's work did they have to read/memorise and which book in particular?


  Galen. The Articella.
• What was dissection like in the medieval period?

  Very rare, If it did happen. One of Galen's books was always present.
• What did Barber surgeons do?


  They very skilled at amputating, removing arrow heads or setting broken limbs.
• What year did the Black Death arrive in England.

  1347-48
• What were the ideas around the cause of the Black Death?


  Miasma, Punishment from God, A rare alignment of Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. Anti-Semitism, the Jewish community were alleged to have poisoned the town of Strasbourg in France.
• What were some ideas about prevention of the Black Death?


  Flagellants, Prayers, pilgrimages, relics, king's touch, Carrying a sweet smelling flower. Infected people quarantined for 40 days by government.
• What does the word renaissance mean and what changed overall in the renaissance?


  Rebirth. Humanism.Period of time when people started to discover a love for knowledge, science and culture.
• R-INDIVIDUAL: Thomas Sydenham


  Wrote "Observations Medicae" in 1676. Refused to rely on on Galen and Hippocrates, observed symptoms as side effects of a disease causing them.
• R-INDIVIDUAL The Royal Society


  Scientists started sharing and discovering ideas. Met for the first time in 1660.
• What year was the printing press created and by who and what did it do?

  1440 by Gutenberg, meant books and text could be mass produced, ideas from foreign countries could get to England. New ideas and theories can spread faster.
• What did Henry VIII do in the Renaissance which had a massive effect on medicine?

  Dissolved the monasteries, lessened power of Catholic Church.
• R-INDIVIDUALS: Vesalius


  Found 300 Mistakes in Galen's work e.x: Vena Cava did not lead to liver. The sternum was 3 parts not 7 and Jaw was one part and not two.
• What year did Vesalius publish The Fabric of the Human Body?

  1543
• R-INDIVIDUALS:Harvey


  Proved Blood wasn't a fuel like Galen had described. Found valves in vessels.
• What book did Harvey publish and what year?

  An Anatomical Account of the Motion of the Heart (1628)
• What were some changes and continuity about disease in the Renaissance?


  Much better understanding of human body thanks to Vesalius and Harvey. However people still believed Astrology could cause disease and still wore charms during epidemics.
• What year did the Great Plague reach London?

  1665
• How many deaths were recorded in London due to the Great plague and what percentage of London died?

  70,000 but it is estimated over 100,000 actually. 15-20%
• What percentage of people who contracted smallpox died?

  30%
• What year did Jenner inoculate a young boy and what was his name?

  1796, James Phipps.
• What year did Jenner publish his book and what was it called?


  An inquiry into the causes and effects of the Variola Vaccinae. 1798
• What book did Pasteur publish and what year?


  Germ Theory 1861
• I-INDIVIDUAL What did Pasteur disprove and how?


  Spontaneous Generation, proved using microscopes that Germs got into liquids and caused them to go off.
• I-INIVDUAL What did Koch do?


  Discovered bacteria that caused Tuberculosis (1882), Cholera (1883). Discovered way of staining specific bacteria with dye.
• How did Koch help future scientists?

  Used his methods to discover bacteria for diphtheria and meningitis.
• What year did the British government make inoculation a crime and what year did they make vaccination compulsory?

  1840, 52.
• What year was smallpox eradicated worldwide?

  1979
• What was the main idea for government in the idea in the Industrial age?


  Laissez-Faire, Not to get involved in the everyday lives of citizens.
• What did Chadwick do in 1842?


  Wrote his 'Report on the Sanitary conditions of the labouring classes' showed that poorer people were more likely to die from disease than the rich because of conditions and hygiene.
• Which public health act was a bit crappy?

  1848, wasn't highly enforced.
• Which public health act was a proper POG CHAMP and why?

  1875, City authorities forced to provide clean water and sewers, employ public health officers, insure high quality house was built and check food quality in shop.