AO1

• Classification: the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers, e.g. classifying is about developing a system
• Diagnosis: the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms, e.g. diagnosis is about applying the system
• ICD-10 Classification (used by most of the world):

  • 2 or more negative symptoms
  • lists subtypes of Sz (e.g. paranoid - delusions/hallucinations little else, hebephrenic - mainly negative, catatonic - disturbed movement/ immobile or overactive)
  • for at least 1 month
• DSM-5 Classification (used by Australia and the US):

  • at least 1 from (delusions, hallucinations and disorganised speech)
  • no longer lists subtypes
  • for at least 6 months
• Positive Symptoms: symptoms experienced in addition to typical behaviour/experiences e.g. hallucinations + delusions
• Negative Symptoms: the loss of typical behaviour/experiences e.g. avolition + speech poverty
• Speech Poverty: reduced frequency + quality of speech, sometimes accompanied by a delay in persons verbal responses in conversation
• Hallucinations: unusual sensory experiences of stimuli that have either no basis in reality or are distorted perceptions of things that are really there
• Delusions: irrational beliefs with no basis in reality
• Avolition: a loss of motivation to carry out tasks and results in lowered activity levels
• Signs of Avoltion (Andreason - 1982): identified 3 signs of avolition.

  1. poor hygeine/ grooming
  2. lack of persistence in work/education
  3. lack of energy
• Schizophrenia: a severe mental disorder where contact with reality + insight are impaired