Chp 24 MSK

• What is Included in the Musculoskeletal System?

  Muscles, Tendons. Nerves, Ligaments, Bursa
• MSK is characterized by the joint or structure in need of evaluation such as:

  Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Hand, Knee, Ankle and Foot
• _____________________: portion of the muscle that attaches to the mobile bone for which that muscle action controls

  Insertion
• _____________________: the part of the muscle attached to the stationary (immobile) bone

  Origin
• The shoulder would be considered the ____________ and the humerus would be considered the ____________.

  insertion ; origin
• What are the 4 different types of muscles?

  Bipennate, Unipennate, Multipennate, and Circumpennate
• The __________ muscle contains muscle fibers with a central origin. (2 connection points)

  Bipennate
• ___________________ muscle is a division of several feather-like sections in one muscle

  Multipennate
• ____________________is the convergence of fibers to a central tendon (more in sphincters)

  Circumpennate
• Skeletal muscle imaged in a longitudinal plane appears _________________with multiple, fine parallel _________.

  homogeneous ; echoes
• The main portions of the muscle fibers are ____________and radiate toward a central tendon or aponeurosis. (turn on the area to confirm it is muscle and not a mass)

  hypoechoic
• Attachment of muscle occurs at proximal and distal portions of bundle; it is a collection of tough collagenous fibers called a ____________.

  TENDON
• Attachments cordlike or flat sheets:

  Aponeuroses
• This type of attachment (tendons) occurs in __________________ like the rectus abdominis in abdomen.

  flat muscles
• Tendons occur with or without a surrounding tubular sac called the ______________________.

  synovial sheath
• ____________________: a loose areolar connective tissue, fills the fascial compartment of tendons lacking a synovial sheath.

  Paratenon
• Examples of tendons ______________a synovial sheath include the Achilles, patellar, proximal gastrocnemius, and semimembranosus tendons.

  without
• The joining of the tendon to the bone is called _______________occurs via a narrow band of _______________.

  enthesis ; fibrocartilage
• Support and strength of joint due in part to ___________which are short bands of tough fibers which connect BONES TO OTHER BONES.

  ligaments
• Ligaments are ___________and allow joint _____________, however they also limit movement to protect joints from hyperextending or hyperflexing beyond normal range of motion.

  elastic ; flexibility
• _________________________________ : connects the medial femoral condyle to the medial proximal tibia

  Medial collateral ligament (MCL) or tibial collateral ligament
• The Medial collateral ligament (MCL) or tibial collateral ligament (TCL) deviates from the usual ligament ______________.

  appearance
• Most major injuries occur in the _______.

  MCL
• _____________:Saclike structure surrounding joints and tendons containing viscous fluid

  Bursa
• Bursa provides area for synovial fluid to aid in reduction of ___________between two musculoskeletal structures, such as tendon and bone or ligament and bone.

  friction
• Two types of bursae are found in the body:

  communicating and noncommunicating
• The _______________membrane of communicating bursae interact with the joint space.

  synovial
• One finding related to a communicating bursa is the __________________, which is located in the medial popliteal fossa(behind the knee).

  Baker's cyst
• A ___ ___ has a connecting neck located between the semimembranosus and medial gastrocnemius tendons to a bursa contained within the knee joint.

  Baker's cyst
• ___________________: Conduit for impulses to and from muscles and central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery.

  Nerves
• ________________: Under control of muscle system with nerves in contact with muscle through motor end plates

  Muscle action
• Elements of the peripheral nerve include the nerve fibers, arranged into BUNDLES known ass ___________, each encapsulated by dense insulating sheaths of ___________ and connective tissue.

  fasciculi ; myelin (Schwann Cells)
• Tendons that MOVE when the corresponding joint or muscle will ___________.

  contract
• Nerve structures remain _____________within the muscle tissue during movement, but within, excursion of the nerve fibers is seen during associated joint movement

  stable
• MSK Sonography uses ____________frequency ultrasonic imaging

  high (>7 MHz)
• MSK relies heavily of the ___________evaluation of structures imaged aka "live imaging"

  dynamic
• Bipennate

  
• Unipennate

  
• Multipennate

  
• Circumpennate