Ap Euro

• Louis Phillipe


  "Citizen King", favored the wealthy, Supported the upper-middle class and outlawed labor unions, lowered voting restrictions; eventually overthrown.
• Religious pluralism


  Accepting all religions as having an equal right to coexist (Netherlands, Poland, Ottoman Empire)
• Tolerance


  Allowing others to hold beliefs that are different from one's own.
• Liberalism


  A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
• Conservatism


  A political philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to political authority and organized religion, as well as gradual, organic change. Implied support for monarchies, established churches.
• Socialism


  A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. Also advocated for the abolition of private property and the accumulation of wealth.
• Nationalism


  The belief that people of a common language, customs, culture, etc. should be united under one country; political boundaries defined by the people.
• The Black Death


  A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351, mainly along trading routes, entering in the ports of Italy, starting in the south and spreading north along said routes and transmitted via rat-eating fleas.
• Hundred Years War


  (1337 to 1453) Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. Caused by English Edward III, grandson of Philip the fair of France asserting his claim to the French throne. French defeat, awakened French nationalism.
• Great Schism


  The appearance of two and at times three rival popes between 1378 and 1415. (Urban VI and Clement VII)
• Giovanni Boccaccio


  Italian, wrote the Decameron (1349), an eyewitness account dealing with what he saw happening around him (the plague and how people reacted to it). In it, 10 men and women flee Florence to escape the plague and tell stories to pass the time regarding the plague.
• Flaggelation


  Beating one's self as a ritual for divine help.
• Social and Economic consequences of the plague


  -Farm laborers decreased, wages increased

  -Wages and need for skilled artisans rose

  -Agricultural prices decreases, luxury prices increased

  -Power of noble landowners decreased (paid more for finished products and farm labor and received less money in return)

  -Peasants revolted
• Taille


  A direct tax from which most French nobles were exempt.
• Estates General


  The medieval French parliament. It consisted of three separate groups, or "estates": clergy, nobility, and commoners. It last met in 1789 at the outbreak of the French Revolution.
• Jacquerie


  A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation to fund the Hundred Years War
• Joan of Arc


  (1412-1431) French peasant girl, a heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions; rallied French troops during the Hundred Years War to resist the English and to have Charles VII crowned king
• Treaty of Troyes


  Treaty which Henry V forced Charles VI to sign. It said that all land conquered by the English belonged to England. It disinherited the legitimate heir to the French throne and proclaimed Henry V successor to Charles VI.
• Lollards


  Followers of John Wycliffe who questioned the supremacy and privileges of the pope and the church hierarchy.
• Hussites


  Followers of John Huss who questioned Catholic teachings about the Eucharist.
• Donatism


  The heresy that taught the efficacy of the sacraments depended on the moral character of the clergy who administered them.
• John Wycliffe


  (1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy. Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.
• John Huss


  Bohemian scholar who taught that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life. Burned at the stake for his heresy.
• Conciliar Theory


  The argument that General Councils were superior in authority to the pope and represented the whole body of the faithful.
• Council of Basel


  The Church council that made negotiations with the Hussites to console them after the execution of John Huss.
• Jacob Burkhardt


  Described the Renaissance as the "prototype of the modern world."
• Ciompi Revolt


  In 1387 the popolo minuto (poor) rebelled in Florence. They ruled for next 4 years until Cosimo de' Medici.
• Cosimo de' Medici


  (1389-1464) A wealthy Florentine and an astute statesman, who brought power back to Florence in 1434 when he ascended to power; controlled the city behind the scenes, He skillfully manipulated the constitution and influencing elections; through his informal, cordial relations with the electoral committee, and was able to keep councilors loyal to him in the Signoria (the governing body of Florence, composed of 8 councilors)
• Studia Humanitatis


  During the Renaissance, a liberal arts program of study that embraced grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, philosophy, and politics.
• Humanism


  A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.
• Leonardo Bruni


  1. First to use the term "humanism"

  2. Among the most important of the civic humanists

  3. Served as a chancellor in Florence

  4. Wrote a history of Florence, perhaps the first modern

  history, and wrote a narrative using primary source

  documents and the division of historical periods
• Fransesco Petrarch


  (1304-1349) Father of Renaissance humanism.
• Dante Alighieri


  (1265-1321) Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy, one of the cornerstones of Italian vernacular literature.
• Christine de Pizan


  (1363-1434) Highly educated Renaissance-era woman who was among the first to earn a living as a writer; wrote books, including short stories, novels, and manuals on military techniques (in French); her The Book of The City of Ladies and other works spoke out against men's objections to educating women, and championed formal education for women.
• Platonism


  Philosophy of Plato that posits preexistent Ideal Forms of which all earthly things are imperfect models.
• Chiaroscuro


  The treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting.
• Leonardo da Vinci


  (1515-1547) A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.
• Raphael


  (1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.
• Michaelangelo


  (1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
• Frescoes


  Paintings made on wet plaster walls