20s

• During the war, America became a creditor for Allied nations, amassing money in exports.
• Demobilization disrupted many global economies, causing recessions.
• Depression of 1920-21: Period as troops demobilized and US economy declined; stock prices dropped and business failures increased
• Red Summer: Period after the end of the war in which racial violence suddenly rose, mostly carried out by individuals rather than groups
• Tin can tourists: Groups of migrants from the North who moved South to Florida to avoid winter weather; Florida population grew rapidly
• The war led to price inflation far beyond workers' pay, so that industries maid major profits while underpaying their employees. Returning soldiers also created competition in hiring sphere.
• Membership in labor unions increased following demobilization.
• Bolshevik Revolution: Communist revolution seizing control of Russia
• Red Scare: Period of anticommunist hysteria that swept the US following World War I
• Bombs were mailed to public officials, increasing the fear of a communist revolution.
• Mitchell Palmer: Started an "anti-radical division of the Bureau of Investigation in the crucible of the Red Scare, which would come to be the FBI
• Edgar Hoover: Appointed to lead the anti-radical division to uncover Communist conspiracies
• Anarchists: Were lumped together in public minds as reds
• Sacco and Vanzetti: Foreign anarchists who were accused of robbery and murder; symbolic of the sentiments of the Red Scare
• Groups of Italian, Spanish, and Cuban immigrants in Ybor City gathered in support of Sacco and Vanzetti.
• The case of Sacco and Vanzetti resulted in a call for the suppression of radical opinions.
• The main causes of the red scare were the case of Sacco and Vanzetti, the rise of labor unions, and suspicion of foreign-born citizens.
• Quota Act of 1921: Established limits on immigration based on the number of people from specific countries
• Johnson-Reed act of 1924: Enacted further restrictions based on nationality
• Warren Harding: Supported the cause of a return to "normalcy"
• 1915: Revived KKK targets Jews, Catholics, foreigners, and African Americans

  1917: Bolshevik Revolution brings Communists to power in Russia

  Feb. 1919: General strike shuts down business in Seattle

  Apr. 1919: Bombs mailed to public official intensifies the Red Scare

  Summer 1919: Racial violence kills dozens and injures hundreds in Chicago"

  Sept. 1919: Police strike in Boston

  Nov. 1919: Mitchell Palmer launches a series of raids on "reds"

  Mar. 1920: US Senate rejects the Treaty of Versailles

  1920: Harding declares a return to normalcy; wins the Republican nomination; is elected
• Washington Naval Conference (1921 to 1922): Conference held in Washington, D.C. based on the belief that if powerful nations reduced their weapons, they would no longer see each other as a threat; resulted in the Four-Power Treaty of 1921 and the Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922, as well as five other treaties and numerous agreements between nations
• Four-Power Treaty of 1921: Sought to remove the danger of war in East Asia; the US, Britain, France, and Japan agreed to respect in each other's possessions
• London Conference (1930): Conference held in Great Britain, discussing the treaties of the Washington Conference, and extending the provisions of the Five-Power Treaty
• Five-Power Naval Treaty of 1922: US, Britain, and Japan agreed to limit their navies
• • Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): Renounced war as an instrument of national policy; the only notable absentee was Russia
• • Nobel Peace Prize of 1929: Awarded to Frank B. Kellogg, Secretary of State, for his role in arranging the Kellogg-Briand Pact
• First Neutrality Act (1935): Prohibited the Us export of arms and ammunitions to foreign nations at war

  Second Neutrality Act (1937): Forbade US citizens from traveling on foreign war ships

  Third Neutrality Act (1939): Lifted the arms embargo and allowed trades under the terms of cash-and-carry
• Consumerism: Became an important part of the US society as it boomed and as innovations such as the refrigerator and air conditioning burgeoned; advertising convinced Americans to buy things that they wanted, rather than needed
• Scientific management: Industrial business theory that suggests efficiency can be increased by eliminating wasted time and motion
• • Mass production: Manufacturing system relying on the making of large quantities of goods using a standardized process
• Installment plans: Also known as credit buying; allowed consumers to make small, regular payments towards the full price of goods
• Henry Ford: Was the first to use the assembly line in production
• 18th Amendment (1919): Made it illegal to produce, sell, and transport alcohol

  Volstead Act: Used to enforce the 18th Amendment
• 21st Amendment: Repealed the 18th Amendment in 1933
• Fundamentalism: Religious viewpoint based in the belief that biblical events happened as described
• The Harlem Renaissance helped spread African American culture and art.
• Scopes Trial: Convicted for teaching evolution in science class, due to the beliefs of Fundamentalists
• The KKK was briefly revived and quickly killed off again during the 1920s. Its rapid rise was due to growing racism in the South, the Red Scare increasing racial tensions, and hostility towards immigrants and suspected radicals. Its rapid fall was due to journalists working to publicize its acts of terrorism and corruption, and the decrease in the tensions of the Red Scare.
• W.E.B. DuBois: Disagreed with Washington's gradual approach to equality; believed in the intellectual training of the "Talented Tenth"