Cognitive development

• Cognition is thinking
• Serial processing is sequentially processing one bit of information at a time
• Parallel processing is processing several different pieces of information at the same time
• Peaget proposed a theory of child cognitive development
• Assimilation is when a new information is incorporated without changing mental structures of schemas
• Accomodation is when a child develops a new schema about the world and the whole internal schematic changes
• This is Piaget's theory of cognitive development

  A) sensorimotor

  B) 0-2

  C) object permanence

  D) preoperational

  E) 2-7

  F) concrete operational

  G) 7-11

  H) formal operational

  I) 11 and above

  
• Object permanence is the idea that objects still exist when not being pbserved which develops during sensorimotor stage
• Children are egocentric (cant take someone's view), take everything literally and exhibit centration (focus only on one aspect of situation) during preoperational stage of cognitive development
• Inductive reasoning is the ability to derive general concepts from specific situations and developed during concrete operational stage
• Conservation is the idea that things tay the same size despite container and shape, which is developed during concrete operational stage
• Deductive reasoning os the ability to derive specific concepts from general information, developed during formal operational stage
• Centration is the focus on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of others (dad is a dad and not a brother to someone)
• Egocentric is the mindset in which a baby cannot take someone's point of view
• Vygotsky opposes Piaget theory because he believed social interactions are importanrr and kids get inspired by the environment
• Learning/behaviourist theory of language development states that language is just another behavior and is learned by trial-and -error early in life
• Nativist theory of language developlment states that innate biological mechanisms are responsible for the development of language (language acquisition device) and theory developed by Chomsky
• Interactionist theory of language development believes that both basic biology and socialization contribute to language development
• Linguistic determinism is a theory that language completely determines thoughts or cognition
• Universalism is the idea that thought determines language completely
• Flynn effect says that IQ increases over time in generations
• Average global IQ is 100 with standard deviation of +/- 15
• IQ is a moderate predictor of success in math and language
• Fluid intelligence is an adaptive kind of intelligence, involving the ability to think logically without prior knowledge and work with patterns of recognition
• Crystallized intelligence is knowledge of facts and is stable throughout adulthood
• Emotional intelligence is about perceiving, understanding emotions of others
• General intelligence theory or g factor was developed by Spearman and says that intelligence is developed as a single factor that applies to all aspects of life
• Multiple intelligence theory was developed by Gardner and basically holistically defines intelligence
• Availability heuristic is a cognitive strategy used to estimate the probability of a given event based on how many of those events come into mind
• Gambler's fallacy is the mistaken belief that a random event is more likely to occur than it actually is
• Heuristics are timesaving, cognitive shortcuts that can help us make decisions quickly and under pressure
• Availability heuristic is when we tend to correlate how easy it is to remember something with some other idea, like frequency. Ex: we overestimate how often we eat sushi bc eating it is very memorable
• Representativeness heuristic is our tendency to make educated guessed about a new situation based on prior situations that we consider representative (like analogy)
• Overgeneralization is the overuse of the representative heuritstic
• Functional fixedness is seeing an object in terms of only one of its possible functions
• The biggest difference between availability and representativeness heuristics is that the first is concerned with frequency
• Confirmation bias is the tendency to embrace information that confirms our pre-existing idea
• Hindsight bias is where we think that things are obvious in hindsight, despite them not being obvious at the time
• Belief preserverance involves sticking to existing beliefs even when they are problematized by new information
• Causation bias is when an individual attributes cause and effect relationships to two events that may just be correlated