MSM - C, C AND D

• The multi-store model was proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
• Sensory Register:

  Capacity = Very Large

  Duration = less than 0.5 of a second

  Coding = 5 sense
• Short Term Memory:

  Capacity = (7+-2)

  Duration = 18s

  Coding = Acoustic
• Long Term Memory - MSM

  Capacity = Unlimited

  Duration = Lifetime (Years)

  Coding = Semantic (Meaning)
• The Multi Store Model is a structural model which suggests that we have three separate stores in memory
• The three stores in MSM differ in terms of coding, capacity and duration
• The MSM is an example of an information-processing model because it suggests that information flows through this sequence of stages
• The ionic memory is for vision and the echoic memory for sounds
• Haptic - Retaining Info about touch
• Olfactory memory - Retaining information about smell
• Gustatory memory = retaining info from taste
• Iconic - retaining information about sight or light
• Echoic - retaining information about sound or auditory
• Crowder 1993:

  Aim: To investigate the coding and duration of the sensory register

  
  

  Results: Found that sensory register retains information in the iconic store for a few milliseconds, but for two to three seconds within the echoic store
• Crowder 1933 - Conclusion:

  Supports the idea of sensory information being coded into different sensory stores
• Coding: The way information is changed so it can be stored in memory, information enters the brain via our senses. It is then stored in various forms, e.g. visual codes, acoustic codes and semantic codes
• Capacity: This is a measure of how much can be held in memory
• Duration: A measure of how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available
• Baddely (1966):

  Aim - to discover how information is coded according to memory model
• Baddely (1966) - Method:

  Gave different lists of words to four groups of participants to remember:

  1. Acoustically similar (cat, cab, can)
  2. Acoustically dissimilar (pit, few, cow)
  3. Semantically similar (great, large, big)
  4. Semantically dissimilar (good, huge, hot)

  PPs had to recall the words in the correct order
• Baddely (1966) - Findings:

  Did worse with the acoustic information when recalling immediately using their STM. did worse with semantic information when recalling from LTM. Therefore, information coded acoustically in STM and semantically in LTM
• Capacity: The amount of information that can be stored in a memory.
• Jacobs (1887) - digital span test:

  Aim: To measure STM capacity

  Method: Researcher reads out four digits and the participants recalls these our loud and in the correct order. if correct, researcher reads out 5 digits and so on until the participant can no longer recall the order correctly
• Jacob’s (1887) - digital span test:

  Findings: Capacity was nine items for numbers and seven items for letters which shows that capacity of STM is limited

  Numbers may be easier to recall as there are only 9 digits whereas there are 26 for letters
• Peterson & Peterson (1959):

  Aim - To measure STM duration

  Method - Given nonsense trigrams (e.g. ZFB) to participants and a 3-digit number. Students counted backwards from this number to prevent mental rehearsal until they were told to stop. Students were told in each trial to stop at different times (3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18)
• Peterson and Peterson (1959):

  Findings - Found that around 90 percentage were recalled accurately in three seconds but only five percent after 18 seconds which suggests STM has a duration of around 18-30 seconds
• Sensory Memory:

  Encoding - all 5 senses

  Duration - limited

  Capacity - very large
• Short-term Memory:

  Encoding - acoustically

  Duration - 18-30 seconds

  Capacity - 7 (+-) 2
• Long-Term Memory:

  Encoding - Semantically

  Duration - Lifetime

  Capacity - Unlimited
• Coding, Capacity and duration - PEEL 1:

  Strength - Baddely research on coding identifies a clear difference between two memory stores - important step in understanding of MSM
• Coding, Capacity and duration - PEEL 2:

  Weakness - Baddely research on coding - artificial stimuli - word lists have no personal meaning so would be different to other memories in day to day life
• Coding, Capacity and duration - Jacobs‘ capacity research:

  • study has been replicated with similar results
  • could be confounding variables - distraction during recall testing
• Peterson & Peterson duration:

  Weakness - artificial stimuli - study lacks external validity