PR2

• Design


  Overall plan for collecting data
• Population


  Complete set of persons or objects
• Sample


  Subset of the population
• Procedure


  Collection process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest in a systematic way that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes
• Research Design


  • Whole approach that you decide on to add the different components of the study coherently and logically, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem
  • Blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data
  • The research problem determines the type of design
• Preparing for research design

  1. Decide which design

  2. Description of chosen design

  3. Choose specific type of design

  4. Characteristics of the specific type of design to use
• Quantitative Research


  • Statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected
  • Survey research uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls
  • Correlational research tests for the relationships between two variables
  • Causal-comparative research looks to uncover a cause-and-effect relationship
  • Experimental research is guided specifically by a hypothesis
• Qualitative Research


  • Systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning
  • Ethnography, you immerse yourself in the target participants' environment to understand the goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and themes that emerge
  • Narrative approach weaves together a sequence of events, usually from just one or two individuals to form a cohesive story
  • Phenomenological study: an event, activity, or phenomenon
  • Case study a way of explaining an organization, entity, company, or event which involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources
• Research Setting


  Place and specific details where the study took place
• Respondents


  Population (respondents) who have been invited to participate in a particular study and have actually taken part
• Sampling Methods


  • Random sampling
  • Stratified sampling
  • Convenience Sampling
  • Purposive sampling
  • Quota sampling
  • Referral/ Snowball sampling
• Data Collection Procedure


  • Process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes
  • Methods are: the use of survey tool, questionnaire, interviews, observation, instruments, and recorded data or resources
• Design


  • Overall plan for collecting data
• Population


  • Complete set of persons or objects
• Sample


  • Subset of the population
• Procedure


  Collection process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest in a systematic way that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes
• Research Design


  • Whole approach that you decide on to add the different components of the study coherently and logically, thereby, ensuring you will effectively address the research problem
  • Blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data
  • The research problem determines the type of design
• Preparing for research design

  1. Decide which design

  2. Description of chosen design

  3. Choose specific type of design

  4. Characteristics of the specific type of design to use
• Quantitative Research


  • Statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected
  • Survey research uses interviews, questionnaires, and sampling polls
  • Correlational research tests for the relationships between two variables
  • Causal-comparative research looks to uncover a cause-and-effect relationship
  • Experimental research is guided specifically by a hypothesis
• Qualitative Research


  • Systematic subjective approach used to describe life experiences and give them meaning
  • Ethnography, you immerse yourself in the target participants' environment to understand the goals, cultures, challenges, motivations, and themes that emerge
  • Narrative approach weaves together a sequence of events, usually from just one or two individuals to form a cohesive story
  • Phenomenological study: an event, activity, or phenomenon
  • Case study a way of explaining an organization, entity, company, or event which involves a deep understanding through multiple types of data sources
• Research Setting


  Place and specific details where the study took place
• Respondents


  Population (respondents) - been invited to participate in a particular study and have actually taken part
• Sampling Methods


  • Random sampling
  • Stratified sampling
  • Convenience Sampling
  • Purposive sampling
  • Quota sampling
  • Referral/ Snowball sampling
• Data Collection Procedure


  • Process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes
  • Methods are: the use of survey tool, questionnaire, interviews, observation, instruments, and recorded data or resources
• Research data such us questionnaires, Focus Group Interview (FGI), Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and other related documents should be collected, observed, or created for the purpose of analysis to come up with an original research results
• Research data


  Any information that has been collected, observed, generated or created to validate a research study
• Data analysis


  Examining, and molding collected data for interpretation to discover relevant information, draw or propose conclusions and support decision-making to solve a research problem
• Interpretation of data


  Implementation of certain procedures through which data results from surveys is reviewed, analyze for the purpose of achieving at valid and evident based conclusion
• Data Validation


  1. To check whether the gathered data was performed according to the set standards

  2. Fraud - to ensure whether each respondent was actually interviewed

  3. Screening - to check that respondents were chosen according to the standard research criteria

  4. Procedure - to make sure whether the data collection process was followed

  5. Completeness - to make sure that the interviewer asked the respondent all the necessary questions, rather than just choosing a few ones
• Data Editing


  To ensure that these errors will not occur, the researcher should conduct the initial data checking and edit the raw research data to identify and clean out any points that may become the barrier to come up with an accurate result
• Data Coding


  Grouping and assigning values/codes to responses from the conducted survey
• Quantitative Data Analysis Methods

  • Cross-tabulation
• Steps to Conduct Quantitative Data Analysis

  1. Relate measurement scales with variables

  2. Connect descriptive statistics with data

  3. Decide a measurement scale

  4. Select appropriate tables to represent data and analyze collected data
• Measurement Scales


  • Nominal Scale
  • Ordinal Scale
  • Interval
  • Ratio
• Quantitative data has a numerical value assigned to each area
• Data Collection Methods


  • Individual interview
  • Questionnaires
  • Observation
  • Surveys
• Qualitative Data Analysis Methods


  • Content analysis
  • Discourse analysis
  • Grounded Theory
  • Narrative analysis
  • Thematic analysis
• Thematic Analysis


  1. Read and annotate transcript

  2. Identify themes

  3. Develop a coding scheme

  4. Coding the data
• Developing a Coding Theme

  1. Get to know your data

  2. Focus the analysis

  3. Review the purpose and go back to the research question

  4. Identify themes or patterns
• Themes


  • Idea or categories that emerge from grouping of lower-level data points